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481.
Teresa I. Schueller Erik V. Nordheim Benjamin J. Taylor Robert L. Jeanne 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(11):1017-1022
This study explores whether or not foragers of the Neotropical swarm-founding wasp Polybia occidentalis use nest-based recruitment to direct colony mates to carbohydrate resources. Recruitment allows social insect colonies to rapidly exploit ephemeral resources, an ability especially advantageous to species such as P. occidentalis, which store nectar and prey in their nests. Although recruitment is often defined as being strictly signal mediated, it can also occur via cue-mediated information transfer. Previous studies indicated that P. occidentalis employs local enhancement, a type of cue-mediated recruitment in which the presence of conspecifics at a site attracts foragers. This recruitment is resource-based, and as such, is a blunt recruitment tool, which does not exclude non-colony mates. We therefore investigated whether P. occidentalis also employs a form of nest-based recruitment. A scented sucrose solution was applied directly to the nest. This mimicked a scented carbohydrate resource brought back by employed foragers, but, as foragers were not allowed to return to the nest with the resource, there was no possibility for on-nest recruitment behavior. Foragers were offered two dishes—one containing the test scent and the other an alternate scent. Foragers chose the test scent more often, signifying that its presence in the nest induces naïve foragers to search for it off-nest. P. occidentalis, therefore, employs a form of nest-based recruitment to carbohydrate resources that is mediated by a cue, the presence of a scented resource in the nest. 相似文献
482.
Climate adaptation planning in practice: an evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Benjamin?L.?PrestonEmail author Richard?M.?Westaway Emma?J.?Yuen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(4):407-438
Formal planning for climate change adaptation is emerging rapidly at a range of geo-political scales. This first generation
of adaptation plans provides useful information regarding how institutions are framing the issue of adaptation and the range
of processes that are recognized as being part of an adaptation response. To better understand adaptation planning among developed
nations, a set of 57 adaptation plans from Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States was evaluated against a suite
of 19 planning processes identified from existing guidance instruments for adaptation planning. Total scores among evaluated
plans ranged from 16% of the maximum possible score to 61%, with an average of 37%. These results suggest adaptation plans
are largely under-developed. Critical weaknesses in adaptation planning are related to limited consideration for non-climatic
factors as well as neglect for issues of adaptive capacity including entitlements to various forms of capital needed for effective
adaptation. Such gaps in planning suggest there are opportunities for institutions to make better use of existing guidance
for adaptation planning and the need to consider the broader governance context in which adaptation will occur. In addition,
the adaptation options prescribed by adaptation plans reflect a preferential bias toward low-risk capacity-building (72% of
identified options) over the delivery of specific actions to reduce vulnerability. To the extent these findings are representative
of the state of developed nation adaptation planning, there appear to be significant deficiencies in climate change preparedness,
even among those nations often assumed to have the greatest adaptive capacity. 相似文献
483.
Potassium, phosphorus, or nitrogen limit root allocation, tree growth, or litter production in a lowland tropical forest 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Wright SJ Yavitt JB Wurzburger N Turner BL Tanner EV Sayer EJ Santiago LS Kaspari M Hedin LO Harms KE Garcia MN Corre MD 《Ecology》2011,92(8):1616-1625
We maintained a factorial nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) addition experiment for 11 years in a humid lowland forest growing on a relatively fertile soil in Panama to evaluate potential nutrient limitation of tree growth rates, fine-litter production, and fine-root biomass. We replicated the eight factorial treatments four times using 32 plots of 40 x 40 m each. The addition of K was associated with significant decreases in stand-level fine-root biomass and, in a companion study of seedlings, decreases in allocation to roots and increases in height growth rates. The addition of K and N together was associated with significant increases in growth rates of saplings and poles (1-10 cm in diameter at breast height) and a further marginally significant decrease in stand-level fine-root biomass. The addition of P was associated with a marginally significant (P = 0.058) increase in fine-litter production that was consistent across all litter fractions. Our experiment provides evidence that N, P, and K all limit forest plants growing on a relatively fertile soil in the lowland tropics, with the strongest evidence for limitation by K among seedlings, saplings, and poles. 相似文献
484.
Arthur R. Bos Girley S. Gumanao Marieke M. van Katwijk Benjamin Mueller Marjho M. Saceda Rosie Lynn P. Tejada 《Marine Biology》2011,158(3):639-648
Archaster typicus, a common sea star in Indo-Pacific regions, has been a target for the ornamental trade, even though little is known about
its population biology. Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance and size structure of A. typicus were studied in the Davao Gulf, the Philippines (125°42.7′E, 7°0.6′N), from February 2008 to December 2009. Specimens of
A. typicus were associated with intertidal mangrove prop roots, seagrass meadows, sandy beaches, and shoals. Among prop roots, specimens
were significantly smaller and had highest densities (131 ind. m−2) between November and March. High organic matter in sediment and a relatively low predation rate seemed to support juvenile
life among mangroves. Size and density analyses provided evidence that individuals gradually move to seagrass, sandy habitats,
and shoals as they age. Specimens were significantly larger at a shoal (maximum radius R = 81 mm). New recruits were found between August and November in both 2008 and 2009. Timing of recruitment and population
size frequencies confirmed a seasonal reproductive cycle. Juveniles had relatively high growth rates (2–7 mm month−1) and may reach an R of 20–25 mm after 1 year. Growth rates of larger specimens (R > 30 mm) were generally <2 mm month−1. The activity pattern of A. typicus was related to the tidal phase and not to time of day: Specimens moved over the sediment surface during low tides and were
burrowed during high tides possibly avoiding predation. This is one of the first studies to document an ontogenetic habitat
shift for sea stars and provides new biological information as a basis for management of harvested A. typicus populations. 相似文献
485.
Predicting which species will be affected by an invasive taxon is critical to developing conservation priorities, but this is a difficult task. A previous study on the impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) on Australian snakes attempted to predict vulnerability a priori based on the assumptions that any snake species that eats frogs, and is vulnerable to toad toxins, may be at risk from the toad invasion. We used time-series analyses to evaluate the accuracy of that prediction, based on >3600 standardized nocturnal surveys over a 138-month period on 12 species of snakes and lizards on a floodplain in the Australian wet-dry tropics, bracketing the arrival of cane toads at this site. Contrary to prediction, encounter rates with most species were unaffected by toad arrival, and some taxa predicted to be vulnerable to toads increased rather than declined (e.g., death adder Acanthophis praelongus; Children's python Antaresia childreni). Indirect positive effects of toad invasion (perhaps mediated by toad-induced mortality of predatory varanid lizards) and stochastic weather events outweighed effects of toad invasion for most snake species. Our study casts doubt on the ability of a priori desktop studies, or short-term field surveys, to predict or document the ecological impact of invasive species. 相似文献
486.
Peters S Vermeulen R Portengen L Olsson A Kendzia B Vincent R Savary B Lavoué J Cavallo D Cattaneo A Mirabelli D Plato N Fevotte J Pesch B Brüning T Straif K Kromhout H 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(11):3262-3268
We describe an empirical model for exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) to create a quantitative job-exposure matrix (JEM) for community-based studies. Personal measurements of exposure to RCS from Europe and Canada were obtained for exposure modelling. A mixed-effects model was elaborated, with region/country and job titles as random effect terms. The fixed effect terms included year of measurement, measurement strategy (representative or worst-case), sampling duration (minutes) and a priori exposure intensity rating for each job from an independently developed JEM (none, low, high). 23,640 personal RCS exposure measurements, covering a time period from 1976 to 2009, were available for modelling. The model indicated an overall downward time trend in RCS exposure levels of -6% per year. Exposure levels were higher in the UK and Canada, and lower in Northern Europe and Germany. Worst-case sampling was associated with higher reported exposure levels and an increase in sampling duration was associated with lower reported exposure levels. Highest predicted RCS exposure levels in the reference year (1998) were for chimney bricklayers (geometric mean 0.11 mg m(-3)), monument carvers and other stone cutters and carvers (0.10 mg m(-3)). The resulting model enables us to predict time-, job-, and region/country-specific exposure levels of RCS. These predictions will be used in the SYNERGY study, an ongoing pooled multinational community-based case-control study on lung cancer. 相似文献
487.
Gnandi K Musa Bandowe BA Deheyn DD Porrachia M Kersten M Wilcke W 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(7):2033-2041
The state of contamination of tropical environments, particularly in Africa, remains a relatively under explored subject. Here, we determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and trace metal concentrations in coastal sediment and biota samples (fish and mussels) from Togo (West Africa). In the sediments, the ∑21 PAH concentrations ranged from <4 ng g(-1) to 257 ng g(-1), averaging 92 ng g(-1). Concentration ratios of low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) versus high molecular weight PAHs (≥4 rings) were always lower than 1 (ranging from 0.08 to 0.46) indicating that high molecular weight PAHs were dominant in all sediment samples, and that PAHs originated mainly from anthropogenic combustion activities. The sediments were also analyzed for major elements and a total of 15 trace metals, which were found in elevated concentrations. The calculated enrichment factor (EF) values relative to the Earth's crust show that the contamination is extremely severe for Cd (EF = 191), severe for Cr (EF = 18) and U (EF = 17.8), moderately severe for Zr (EF = 8.8), for Ni (EF = 6.8), Sr (EF = 5.9) and Ba (EF = 5.4), and moderate for V (EF = 3.6) and Zn (EF = 3.4). Sediments sampled in areas affected by the dumping of phosphorite mine tailings showed particularly high concentrations of trace metals. Overall, concentrations of both PAHs and trace metals in sediment tend to increase from the coastline to the open sea (2 km offshore). This is attributable to the increasingly finer texture of coastal sediment found offshore, which has a terrigenous origin and appears loaded with various contaminants through adsorption processes. Such high loads of trace metals were also found in the biota (fish and mussels). The ratio of measured trace metal concentrations in biota to threshold limits set by the World Health Organization herein defined as relative health factor (RHF) was high. Average RHF values in fish were highest for Se (470), As (250), Ag (97), Ni (78), Mn (63), Fe (53), Pb (36), Cd (10), and Cr (7) while lowest for Cu (0.08) and Zn (0.03). Cd and Al did not bioaccumulate in the analyzed fish species. In mussels, the RHF values were highest for Fe (9,108), As (295), Pb (276), Se (273), Mn (186), Ni (71), Ag (70), Cd (14), and Cu (4). 相似文献
488.
Schneider Tobias Musa Bandowe Benjamin A. Bigalke Moritz Mestrot Adrien Hampel Henrietta Mosquera Pablo V. Fränkl Lea Wienhues Giulia Vogel Hendrik Tylmann Wojciech Grosjean Martin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(13):16227-16243
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Historical records of trace elements in lake sediments provide source-to-sink information about potentially toxic pollutants across space and time. We... 相似文献
489.
In recent years, commodity markets show a large amount of volatility and substantial price jumps, indicating an increasing economic scarcity in many cases. As this scarcity makes commodity procurement a critical issue for national economies, industry sectors and manufacturing companies, a number of criticality indices have been presented and utilized in science as well as in practice. These indices are mostly based on an aggregation of different key figures, both qualitative and quantitative. However, the weighting of the different factors is in most cases arbitrary or based on rough estimates. 相似文献
490.
Abstract The development of ‘indicators’ and associated techniques for the appraisal of ‘sustainability’ requires efforts to systematically define, quantify and aggregate many disparate dimensions of social, environmental and economic performance. This necessarily raises a number of serious theoretical and methodological difficulties, including those relating to the selection and framing of ‘problems’ and ‘options’, the treatment of deep uncertainties and the ‘impossibility’ of aggregating in analysis the divergent social interests and value judgements which govern the prioritisation of the different dimensions of ‘sustainability’. After exploring the depth and scope of some of these difficulties, this paper argues that they render futile any attempt to develop an ‘analytical fix’ for the problems of appraisal. In this light, systematic public participation is recognised not just as an issue of political efficacy and legitimacy, but also as a fundamental matter of analytical rigour. However, it is also concluded that once aspirations to the ‘analytical fix’ are renounced, there is much that might be contributed by transparent, straightforward quantitative analytical tools and the paper ends with some recommendations and an example in this regard. 相似文献