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101.
Benjamin Geffroy Noëlle Bru Simplice Dossou-Gbété Cédric Tentelier Agnès Bardonnet 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(7):1073-1083
The emergence of an animal’s personality is the result of interactions between genetics, environment and experience. It is known that individuals are able to modulate their behaviour according to the context or the social environment. Many studies have shown for example, that familiarity among conspecifics diminishes aggressiveness, although little is known about the underlying processes. Nevertheless, personality traits have long been determined while ignoring the social context, especially in lower vertebrates such as fish. In the present experiment, we hypothesize that group connections (network density) may be positively correlated to consistency of aggressiveness by avoiding over-aggressive acts in further encounters. To test this hypothesis, we used eels (Anguilla anguilla) as a model species and monitored both aggressiveness and sociability in 64 individuals over their first 7 months of growth from the glass eel stage. As expected, social fish were less aggressive than their non-social counterparts at all times, highlighting the existence of a behavioural syndrome in eels. Additionally, rank-order consistency of aggressiveness was higher in groups of fish with high social connectivity, compared to those in less-connected fish groups. While aggressiveness must be consistent to be considered a personality trait, our results suggest that both aggressiveness and its consistency are influenced by initial social context. 相似文献
102.
Janine W. Y. Wong Bettina Hitzfeld Michael Zimmermann Inge Werner Benoît J. D. Ferrari 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2018,30(1):49
Background
Soil is one of our most important resources and fulfills many ecological functions such as storage and filtration of water and nutrients, transformation of chemical compounds and nutrients, biomass production, and carbon storage. Such soil functions support ecosystem services provided by soils, which need to be protected to protect soil fertility. However, European soils often contain elevated concentrations of contaminants, putting biodiversity of soil organisms as well as the ecological functions and services at risk. To promote soil ecotoxicology in Switzerland, the Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology together with the Federal Office for Environment and the Federal Office for Agriculture organized a stakeholder workshop on 7 June 2018 with participants from research, governmental bodies, and associations. One goal of this workshop was to inform participants about currently available risk assessment approaches for soil, the soil risk assessment for plant protection products in Europe, available bioassays and bioindicators, and results of research projects on soil contaminants in Switzerland. Another goal was to discuss the needs for research in soil ecotoxicology in Switzerland and to identify next steps, potential projects, and future collaborations.Results
The main needs identified during the workshop were the establishment of (bio)indicators to measure soil fertility, functional parameters to determine soil functions, and the preservation of soil biodiversity. Another priority listed was the formation of a working group, which addresses the issue of the development of environmental quality standards for soil. The need for experimental field sites for implementing and testing new approaches or tools for assessing soil quality was also discussed.Conclusion
The next steps planned are two workshops with national and international experts in soil ecotoxicology to develop a soil monitoring concept for Switzerland and to find suitable bioindicators to evaluate soil fertility. Additionally, a literature review will be performed summarizing the current ecotoxicological state of the art with regard to the development of bioindicators in relation to the monitoring of plant protection products in Swiss soil, to evaluate their effects on soil fertility. Furthermore, all attendees agreed on the need for annual meetings or workshops where experts can present scientific results, participants can exchange information, and future projects and collaborations can be developed.103.
Yann Le Hellaye Benoît Goossens Aliette Jamart Deborah J. Curtis 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(3):349-360
The social aspects of primate reintroduction are of primary importance to the success of release programs and need to be assessed
through the study of changes in social behavior over time. This study reports on the development of social structure and organization
in a community of 37 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) released into the wild in the Conkouati Douli National Park, Republic of Congo. Analyses of post-release monitoring data
collected over 10 years on association patterns between individuals show that during the years following individual releases,
chimpanzees exhibited changing social structure and organization until they stabilized in one community living in a fission–fusion
system. Social organization development was directly affected by several factors including community size and experience in
the wild, while social structure was affected by individual characteristics: gender, pre-release history, and release history.
Similarities between social structure and organization observed in the released community and wild chimpanzee communities
demonstrate that the release program is a success from a social point of view. 相似文献
104.
A food industry waste, almond shell, was pyrolyzed under three different environment static, nitrogen, and steam to produce bio-oil and its derivatives. The oil yield obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 600°C was 24.23% in a static atmosphere, whereas it increased to 27.25% and 33.05% in nitrogen and steam atmospheres, respectively. The bio-oil obtained under steam atmosphere is very efficient due to the production of high liquid and gas yields. Moreover, co-feeding steam during the pyrolysis altered the bio-oil structure by increasing the aliphatics and reducing the asphaltenes. Moreover, steam treatment also increases H/C and heating value of bio-oils. According to the obtained results, steam pyrolysis is an alternative option for future applications in refineries. 相似文献
105.
It has been argued that strategies to manage natural areas important for tourism and recreation should integrate an understanding
of tourist preferences for specific natural features. However, the accuracy of tourist recalled perceptions of environmental
attributes, which are usually derived from post hoc surveys and used to establish management priorities, is currently unmeasured.
We tested the validity of the relationship between tourist-stated preferences and actual condition of coral reefs around the
Caribbean island of Bonaire. Using standardized questionnaires, we asked 200 divers to select their most and least favorite
dive sites and the attributes that contributed to that selection. We also carried out ecological surveys at 76 of the 81 dives
sites around the island to assess the actual conditions of the attributes indicated as important for site selection. Fish-
and coral-related attributes were key features affecting dive enjoyment. In general, divers appeared to be able to perceive
differences between sites in the true condition of biological attributes such as fish species richness, total number of fish
schools, live coral cover, coral species richness, and reef structural complexity, although men and women divers differed
in their ability to perceive/recall some of the attributes. Perceived differences in environmental attributes, such as surface
conditions, underwater current, and the likelihood of encountering rare fish and sea turtles, were not empirically validated.
The fact that divers perceive correctly differences in the condition of some of the key biological attributes that affect
dive enjoyment reinforces the need to maintain overall reef condition at satisfactory levels. However, variation in accuracy
of perceptions owing to demographic factors and attribute type suggests the need for caution when using public perceptions
to develop environmental management strategies, particularly for coral reefs. 相似文献
106.
Extra-pair paternity in the monogamous Alpine marmot revealed by nuclear DNA microsatellite analysis 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Benoît Goossens Laurent Graziani Lisette P. Waits Etienne Farand Séverine Magnolon Jacques Coulon Marie-Claude Bel Pierre Taberlet Dominique Allainé 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,43(4-5):281-288
The genetic parentage and pedigrees of 35 litters from 12 family groups of monogamous Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the French Alps were analyzed using six hypervariable sequence repeat nuclear loci (microsatellites). All of the members
of these family groups were sampled during a 5-year period. Hairs taken directly from animals served as a source of DNA for
amplification of the loci. Our results indicate that the genetic mating system of the Alpine marmot is quite different from
a strictly monogamous breeding system. Extra-pair paternity occurred in 11 of the 35 litters (31.4%). Of the 134 juveniles
typed, 26 (19.4%) could be attributed to extra-pair copulation (EPC). We examine hypotheses which could explain the evolution
of EPC and discuss the different patterns of extra-pair mating.
Received: 11 July 1997 / Accepted after revision: 23 May 1998 相似文献
107.
108.
Jaroslav Hynt Miloslav imek Petr Br
ek Sren O. Petersen 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):269-279
Cattle overwintering areas common in central Europe may represent significant point sources of the important greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). A 2-year field study was carried out in order to estimate the emissions of N2O and CO2 from soil in a cattle overwintering area located in the southwest of the Czech Republic. The measurements were performed at three sampling locations along a gradient of animal impact (severe, moderate, slight) to test the hypothesis that emissions of CO2 and N2O are positively related to the degree of impact. In addition to CO2 and N2O fluxes determined by using non-vented manual closed chambers, soil mineral nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3−), pH and temperature were determined to assess their regulatory role and impact on gas fluxes. The overwintering area was about 4 ha and it had been used for overwintering of about 90 cows since 1995. Deposition of animal excreta resulted in a significant accumulation of nitrogen in the soil during winter, but most of the N2O was emitted during a few short periods in spring and/or in late autumn. Maximum N2O fluxes of up to 2.5 mg N2O-N m−2 h−1 were recorded at the most impacted location near the animal house, where the highest concentrations of soil mineral nitrogen also occurred. The emissions of CO2 showed a completely different pattern to those of N2O, being correlated with soil temperature; the highest emissions thus occurred in June–July, while very low fluxes were found in winter. Emission values ranged from about 0 to 700 mg C-CO2 m−2 h−1. Furthermore, the effect of animal impact on CO2 emissions was opposite to that on N2O fluxes, as the highest CO2 fluxes were mostly recorded at the least impacted location, where respiration of plants most likely increased overall CO2 production. The results show that cattle overwintering areas are important sources of greenhouse gases, including N2O and CO2. Fluxes of these two gases are, however, differently distributed over the year, which also suggests that they are controlled by different environmental and soil factors. 相似文献
109.
Broz J Grabic R Kilián J Lojkásek M Marklund S Ocelka T Pekárek V Pribyl J Tydlitát V Výska J 《Chemosphere》2000,41(12):1948-1911
The effect of synthetic and mineral oils on the formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) in emissions from a spark ignition engine was studied on a Skoda Favorit engine fueled with leaded gasoline. The test cycle simulated urban traffic conditions on a chassis dynamometer, in accordance with the ECC 83.00 test. The data for selected PAHs as well as PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs congener profiles are presented. PCDD/Fs emissions for an unused oil and the oil after 10000-km operation varied from 300 to 2000 fmol/m3, PCBs emissions from 75 to 178 pmol/m3, and PAHs emissions from 150 to 420 microg/m3. The content of PCBs in oils varied from 2 to 920 mg/kg. 相似文献
110.
Kammann U Lang T Vobach M Wosniok W 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(3):140-145
Goal, Scope and Background Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is a well-accepted marker for biological effects in fish and is, therefore, part of numerous monitoring programmes. EROD activity was measured in livers of dab (Limanda limanda) from the German Bight (North Sea) from 1995 to 2003. The aim of the present long-term study was (a) time trend monitoring of EROD activity of dab from the German Bight and (b) to elucidate the needs for a successful application of EROD activity as an early warning system.
Methods. EROD activities were determined fluorimetrically in dab liver microsomes, using resorufin as an external standard. The limit of detection (LD) and the limit of quantification (LQ) were calculated. Results were referred to protein concentrations.
Results and Discussion. EROD activities of 610 female dab caught in different seasons between January 1995 and August 2003 were analyzed individually. Activities varied from 〈 LD to 1768 pmol/(min mg protein) and showed an annual cycle as well as significant differences between the years. Highest EROD activities were observed in early summer and lowest activities during the winter period. In autumn 2002, significantly elevated EROD activities were detected, possibly related to effects of the River Elbe flood event. Two scenarios with different EROD baseline data are presented to discuss the prerequisites for the use of EROD as a monitoring tool. The comparison of these scenarios underlines the importance of appropriate season-specific baseline data.
Conclusion. The use of EROD as an early warning tool for contaminant effects in dab in the German Bight has different prospects during the year, because, due to the high background variability, elevated EROD activities are less easy to detect in spring/summer than during the remaining times of the year.
Recommendation and Outlook. The availability of site-specific data on the EROD baseline level, its random variation and its annual cycle is a necessary prerequisite for monitoring. If monitoring is to be carried out only for a limited time period of the year, a season with low background variability in EROD activity (autumn) should be chosen to avoid the need for a compensation of the temperature-triggered shift in sexual cycles and the resulting changes in EROD activity. 相似文献