Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of clenbuterol residues in swine urine and feeds

The present study outlines applications of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of clenbuterol residues. Antisera were raised from rabbits immunized with diazotized clenbuterol-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. The assay was specific to clenbuterol with a half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of 1.8 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL in blank swine urine and phosphate buffer solution, respectively. The assay had high cross-reactivity (86%) with mabuterol, but low with other adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The average recovery of clenbuterol, as measured with the ELISA, ranged from 90% to 112% in swine urine samples and from 86% to 95% in feeds, respectively. This new assay was compared with commercial ELISA test kits. An excellent correlation (r ² = 0.98) between the two methods and satisfactory recoveries suggest that the new assay can be suitable for the determination of clenbuterol residues in real samples. The assay was used to analyze clenbuterol residues in 103 swine urine samples and 68 feed samples collected from northern China. Approximately 50% of the urine samples and 25% of the feed samples analyzed were found positive (concentration of clenbuterol ≥ 1 ppb). The results indicate that clenbuterol was misused in some of the areas surveyed.     

基于线切割 3B编程CAI软件的探讨

利用VB语言作为编程工具,探讨了开发线切割3B格式自动编程软件的过程.通过该软件,可以直观显示线切割加工的轨迹图及其3B程序.     

土地资源利用保护与农业生态建设

本文阐述了国内外土地后备资源现状及存在问题,解剖了土壤肥力演化机制和土壤资源保护的关系,介绍了我国生态农业建设的研究进展,指出了今后的主攻方向。     

分洪区洪灾保险工作初探

本文从洪水过程的随机特点及防洪工作的实际需要等各个方面出发,阐述了在分洪区实行洪灾保险的必要性,结合国内外已有的实践经验,分析了这一工作得以顺利开展的可能性。并在此基础上,提出了二种洪灾保险费用计算方法,实例计算结果表明,这些方法是基本可行的。     

Characteristics and recent trends of sulfur dioxide at urban, rural, and background sites in North China: Effectiveness of control measures

SO₂ measurements made in recent years at sites in Beijing and its surrounding areas are performed to study the variations and trends of surface SO₂ at different types of sites in Northern China. The overall average concentrations of SO₂ are (16.8 ± 13.1) ppb, (14.8 ± 9.4) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb at China Meteorological Administration (CMA, Beijing urban area), Gucheng (GCH, relatively polluted rural area, 110 km to the southwest of Beijing urban area), and Shangdianzi (SDZ, clean background area, 100 km to the northeast of Beijing urban area), respectively. The SO₂ levels in winter (heating season) are 4-6 folds higher than those in summer. There are highly significant correlations among the daily means of SO₂ at different sites, indicating regional characteristics of SO₂ pollution. Diurnal patterns of surface SO₂ at all sites have a common feature with a daytime peak, which is probably caused by the downward mixing and/or the advection transport of SO₂-richer air over the North China Plain. The concentrations of SO₂ at CMA and GCH show highly significant downward trends (-4.4 ppb/yr for CMA and -2.4 ppb/yr for GCH), while a less significant trend (-0.3 ppb/yr) is identified in the data from SDZ, reflecting the character of SDZ as a regional atmospheric background site in North China. The SO₂ concentrations of all three sites show a significant decrease from period before to after the control measures for the 2008 Olympic Games, suggesting that the SO₂ pollution control has long-term effectiveness and benefits. In the post-Olympics period, the mean concentrations of SO₂ at CMA, GCH, and SDZ are (14.3 ± 11.0) ppb, (12.1 ± 7.7) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb, respectively, with reductions of 26%, 36%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the levels before. Detailed analysis shows that the differences of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction were not the dominant factors for the significant differences of SO₂ between the pre-Olympics and post-Olympics periods. By extracting the data being more representative of local or regional characteristics, a reduction of up to 40% for SO₂ in polluted areas and a reduction of 20% for regional SO₂ are obtained for the effect of control measures implemented for the Olympic Games.     

Sewage sludge disintegration by high-pressure homogenization: A sludge disintegration model

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) technology was applied as a pretreatment to disintegrate sewage sludge. The effects of homogenization pressure, homogenization cycle number, and total solid content on sludge disintegration were investigated. The sludge disintegration degree (DDCOD), protein concentration, and polysaccharide concentration increased with the increase of homogenization pressure and homogenization cycle number, and decreased with the increase of sludge total solid (TS) content. The maximum DDCOD of 43.94% was achieved at 80 MPa with four homogenization cycles for a 9.58 g/L TS sludge sample. A HPH sludge disintegration model of DD_COD= kN^aP^b was established by multivariable linear regression to quantify the effects of homogenization parameters. The homogenization cycle exponent a and homogenization pressure exponent b were 0.4763 and 0.7324 respectively, showing that the effect of homogenization pressure (P) was more significant than that of homogenization cycle number (N). The value of the rate constant k decreased with the increase of sludge total solid content. The specific energy consumption increased with the increment of sludge disintegration efficiency. Lower specific energy consumption was required for higher total solid content sludge.     

Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of ozone addition to the double bonds of keto-limonene

The reaction mechanism of ozone (O₃) addition to the double bonds of gas phase keto-limonene was investigated using ab initio methods. Two different possibilities for O₃ addition to the double bond were considered and two corresponding van derWaals complexes (Complex 1 and Complex 2) were found for 1-endo and 2-endo. The rate constants were calculated using the transition state theory at the CCSD(T)/6-31G(d) + CF//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. The high-pressure limit of the total rate constant at 298 K was 3.51 × 10^-16 cm³/(molecule sec), which was in a good agreement with the experimental data.     

模糊标识指数与对应分析法在水质评价中的联合应用

水质评价对判断水体的污染状况,了解其污染程度和成因有重要的意义,并可为水资源管理及水污染控制提供科学依据,而适当的评价方法是保证评价结果科学合理的关键.因此,本文以青山湖流域为例,在单因子指数法、综合指数法、灰色关联法、改进的模糊层次分析法、水质指数评价法、综合水质标识指数法6种常用水质评价法的结果对比分析的基础上,提出了一种新的模糊标识指数法.该方法结合了改进的模糊层次分析法和综合水质标识法的优点,不仅给出水质级别和水功能区达标程度,而且克服了以往模糊层次分析法存在的低估污染的严重性及不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,更加适用于水质状况的评价.同时,在模糊标准化处理基础上,采用对应分析法,将采样点与变量有机地结合起来进行分析.结果表明,青山湖流域的总体水质状况以劣Ⅴ类为主,总体水功能区达标率仅10.34%,流域根据受污染情况被分为3个区,Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区的主要污染因子分别是TN、NH4+-N与COD、TP.模糊标识指数法与对应分析法的联合应用可以全面分析流域水质状况,给出科学合理的评价结果.     

北方地区潜流人工湿地冬季保温措施的研究

人工湿地作为一种造价较省,运行成本低的污水处理技术,目前已经得到了广泛的应用.但是在北方地区,人工湿地受到冬季气候影响,无法正常运行,降低了它的使用效率.试验针对北方冬季低温环境下,人工湿地无法正常运行的问题,对3种不同的保温措施进行历时两年的对比试验,通过对TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD等4种主要污染物和人工湿地出水水温的跟踪监测,检验了不同保温措施的效果.试验结果表明:在冬季,使用薄膜法保温措施的处理系统中, COD、TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除率分别为30%~45%、40%~60%和35%~60%,比温棚法和冰封法的出水中污染物去除率高10%~20%.TP在出水中含量波动较大,去除率为19%~70%,伴有磷释放现象,但是在薄膜保温下TP的去除效果也要好于温棚和冰封.经过SPSS 16.0分析,薄膜保温的人工湿地出水水质与冰封和温棚法相比具有显著性差异.在对人工湿地曝气槽和出水口的污水水温进行监测发现,利用薄膜保温的人工湿地出水口水温高于冰封和温棚的水温,进一步证明薄膜保温可以有效提高人工湿地内的温度,为人工湿地正常运行提供了保证.而且薄膜保温措施的操作简便、造价低,适合推广应用.     

再生条件对钾基CO_2吸附剂吸附性能的影响

通过固定床实验研究了再生条件对钾基CO2吸附剂吸附性能的影响。深入分析了再生温度和气氛对吸附穿透时间和饱和吸附量的影响。研究发现,当再生温度为200℃,N2气氛下再生时效果最佳,在此条件下再生后钾基CO2吸附剂循环性能良好,10次循环后仍然能有很好的吸附效果;再生气氛中有H2O或CO2时会影响再生反应的进行,不利于吸附剂的再生。