A mixed method study of hurricane evacuation: demographic predictors for stated compliance to voluntary and mandatory orders

The present paper examines the role of several demographic indicators on stated hurricane evacuation thresholds, or the lowest category storm for which participants indicated they would evacuate, for mandatory and voluntary orders. Quantitative analyses reveal that race was significantly associated with a lower stated evacuation threshold in both the bivariate and multivariate models and that previous refusal to comply with evacuation orders was associated with higher stated evacuation thresholds. Qualitative analyses reveal two key findings: (1) wind is perceived as more dangerous than water (rain and storm surge) associated with hurricanes; (2) traffic concerns were the most frequently cited reason listed for possible refusal to comply with evacuation orders. Implications of the findings include the value of future evaluations of race and trust, storm characteristics and threat perception, and other practical considerations for improving evacuation compliance such as the amelioration of traffic concerns. Findings also lead to the discussion of the social complexities of race and hurricane vulnerability as a key finding.     

Vegetation and carbon sequestration and their relation to water resources in an inland river basin of Northwest China

In the Heihe River Basin in the arid inland area of northwest China, the distribution of water resources in vegetation landscape zones controls the ecosystems. The carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation is analyzed in relation to water resources and vegetation growing conditions. During the last 20 years, the vegetation ecosystems have degenerated in the Heihe River Basin. Simulation using the C-FIX model indicates that, at present, the total amount of NPP of vegetation accounts for about 18.16 TgC, and the average value is 106 gC/m(2)/yr over the whole basin. NPP has generally the highest value in the upperstream mountain area, middlestream artificial oases area, downstream river bank area, alluvial fan and the terminal lake depression where vegetation grows relatively well. The lowest value is found in the vast downstream desert and Gobi area. Protection of vegetation ecosystems and enhancement of carbon sequestration require such inland river basins as the Heihe River Basin to be brought under management in a comprehensive way, taking water as a key, to carry out a rational and efficient allocation and utilization of water resources.     

草酸改性零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解地下水中2,4-DNT的研究

2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)作为重要的化工原料,由于储存和生产过程中的“跑冒滴漏”,已然成为地下水中常见有毒有害污染物之一,对人体健康和生态环境安全造成极大威胁. 以草酸与商品零价铁为原料,通过球磨法制备草酸化零价铁(OA-ZVIbm),并研究其活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解2,4-DNT的性能. 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对活化剂进行表征,并考察活化剂和PS投加量、溶液初始pH及无机阴离子对2,4-DNT降解效果的影响. 结果表明:①通过球磨改性,零价铁表面氧化层被草酸亚铁壳层代替,加速铁核腐蚀生成Fe2+催化PS. ②在pH=7、0.2 g/L OA-ZVIbm和5 mmol/L PS的条件下,4.0 h内对50 mg/L 2,4-DNT降解率达到87.6%,降解过程符合准一级动力学方程. ③2,4-DNT降解率随OA-ZVIbm和PS投加量增加以及溶液初始pH的降低增加,但高浓度PS会抑制2,4-DNT的降解;NO₃?、CO₃2?、Cl?和SO₄2?通过淬灭自由基或者与亚铁离子发生共沉淀,对降解产生不同程度的抑制效果. ④自由基淬灭试验表明,体系中同时产生SO₄? ?、·OH和1O₂,但SO₄? ?在降解过程中起主导作用. ⑤降解中间产物鉴定表明,通过脱硝和氧化反应,2,4-DNT被降解成包括间苯二酚、丙二酸在内的毒性较小分子,可生化性显著提高. 研究显示,OA-ZVIbm能够高效活化PS,实现对地下水2,4-DNT的显著降解,具有一定的应用前景.      

西部横断山区强降温气候条件下桥塔温度效应及抗裂性能优化研究∗

在强降温极端气候条件下,桥塔混凝土表面存在开裂风险。为此,以我国西部横断山脉地区某大跨悬索桥为工程背景,开展了强降温气候条件下桥塔温度效应及抗裂性能优化研究。首先,提出了桥址区极端天气的识别与模拟方法,并验证了所提模拟方法的有效性。随后,建立桥塔节段的 3D 有限元模型,分析了强降温极端天气下混凝土桥塔的温度场以及温度应力分布特征。最后,针对强降温极端天气下混凝土桥塔外表面存在开裂风险的问题,提出了两种桥塔混凝土表面抗裂优化方法,并通过参数分析给出了本例桥塔的最优参数。研究结果表明：在强降温天气下,当不考虑任何抗裂优化措施前,桥塔表面拉应力极值为 2.06 MPa,存在较大开裂风险;当采用抗裂优化措施后,提出的两种措施均能有效降低混凝土桥塔表面的拉应力极值。通过参数分析发现,采用有机涂料涂装桥塔表面的优化方法时,白色有机涂料的优化效果最佳;当采用桥塔表面覆盖 UHPC 的优化方法时,其厚度为 0.04 m 时优化效果最佳。     

胶东半岛及附近海域地震活动性异常研究

根据胶东半岛及附近海域地震活动性参数的研究,对2012年存在的地震活动性异常演化情况进行跟踪分析,对2013年度出现的新地震异常进行分析,获得大震孕震过程时、空综合变化结果,提出胶东半岛及附近海域的震情趋势判定意见。     

Evaluation of efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment and identification of daily inspection indices: a case study in Changchun, China

Evaluation of the efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment has previously been conducted to prevent pollution of the environment. The current study aimed to provide a set of practical methods for efficient airport sanitary supervision. Aircraft liquid waste was collected at Longjia International Airport, Changchun from multiple flights. The efficiency of liquid waste treatment as well as the water quality of the wastewater processed via a second-stage wastewater facility were examined by measuring a number of physical, chemical, and biological indices. Our results indicated that treatment solely via resolvable sanitizing liquid was not sufficient. Although the contents of first-class pollutants all met the requirements of the standard criteria, the contents of a number of second-class pollutants did not satisfy these criteria. However, after further treatment via a second-stage wastewater facility installed at the airport, all indices reached second-grade requirements of the discharge standard. We suggest that daily inspection and quarantine indices at airports should include the suspension content, biological oxygen demands after 5 days, chemical oxygen demand total organic carbon content, amino nitrogen content, total phosphorous content, and the level of fecal coliforms.     

Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of clenbuterol residues in swine urine and feeds

The present study outlines applications of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of clenbuterol residues. Antisera were raised from rabbits immunized with diazotized clenbuterol-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. The assay was specific to clenbuterol with a half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of 1.8 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL in blank swine urine and phosphate buffer solution, respectively. The assay had high cross-reactivity (86%) with mabuterol, but low with other adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The average recovery of clenbuterol, as measured with the ELISA, ranged from 90% to 112% in swine urine samples and from 86% to 95% in feeds, respectively. This new assay was compared with commercial ELISA test kits. An excellent correlation (r ² = 0.98) between the two methods and satisfactory recoveries suggest that the new assay can be suitable for the determination of clenbuterol residues in real samples. The assay was used to analyze clenbuterol residues in 103 swine urine samples and 68 feed samples collected from northern China. Approximately 50% of the urine samples and 25% of the feed samples analyzed were found positive (concentration of clenbuterol ≥ 1 ppb). The results indicate that clenbuterol was misused in some of the areas surveyed.     

基于线切割 3B编程CAI软件的探讨

利用VB语言作为编程工具,探讨了开发线切割3B格式自动编程软件的过程.通过该软件,可以直观显示线切割加工的轨迹图及其3B程序.