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51.
Norbert V. Heeb Daniel Zindel Heidi Graf Valeria Azara W. Bernd Schweizer Birgit Geueke Hans-Peter E. Kohler Peter Lienemann 《Chemosphere》2013,90(6):1911-1919
The haloalkane dehalogenase LinB from Sphingobium indicum B90A converts β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), the most persistent HCH stereoisomer, to mono- and dihydroxylated metabolites. Recently, we reported that LinB also transforms α-, β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), which are structurally related to HCHs. Here, we show that LinB catalyzes the hydroxylation of δ-HBCD to two pentabromocyclododecanols (PBCDOHs) and two tetrabromocyclododecadiols (TBCDDOHs). The stereochemistry of this enzymatic transformation was deduced from XRD crystal structure data of the substrate δ-HBCD and α2-PBCDOH, one of the biotransformation products. Five stereocenters of δ-HBCD are unchanged but the one at C6 is converted to an alcohol with inversion from S- to R-configuration in a nucleophilic, SN2-like substitution reaction. Only α2-PBCDOH with the 1R,2R,5S,6R,9R,10S-configuration is obtained but not its enantiomer. With only two of the 64 PBCDOHs formed, these transformations indeed are regio- and stereoselective. A conformational analysis revealed that the triple-turn motive, which is predominant in δ-HBCD and in several other HBCD stereoisomers, is also found in the product. This shows that LinB preferentially converted reactive bromine atoms but not those in the conserved triple-turn motive. The widespread contamination with HCHs triggered the bacterial evolution of dehalogenases which acquired the ability to convert these pollutants and their metabolites. We here demonstrate that LinB of S. indicum also transforms HBCDs regio- and stereoselectively following a similar mechanism. 相似文献
52.
Iftikhar Ahmad Muhammad Javed Akhtar Zahir Ahmad Zahir Muhammad Naveed Birgit Mitter Angela Sessitsch 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(18):11054-11065
Cadmium usually hampers plant growth, but bacterial inoculation may improve stress tolerance in plants to Cd by involving various mechanisms. The objective was to characterize and identify bacteria that improve plant growth under Cd stress and reduce Cd uptake. Cadmium-tolerant bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere soil, which was irrigated with tannery effluent, and six strains were selected as highly tolerant to Cd, showing minimum inhibitory concentration as 500 mg L?1 or 4.45 mmol L?1. These strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis and functional analysis in regard to plant growth promotion characteristics. To determine their effect on cereal growth under Cd stress, seeds were inoculated with these strains individually and grown in soil contaminated with three Cd levels (0, 40 and 80 mg kg?1). Biomass production, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (ELL) and tissue Cd concentration were measured. Biomass of both cereals was inhibited strongly when exposed to Cd; however, bacterial inoculation significantly reduced the suppressive effect of Cd on cereal growth and physiology. The bacterial isolates belonged to the genera Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus and Serratia. Maize was more sensitive than wheat to Cd. Klebsiella sp. strain CIK-502 had the most pronounced effects in promoting maize and wheat growth and lowering Cd uptake under Cd stress. 相似文献
53.
Harper ER St Leger JA Westberg JA Mazzaro L Schmitt T Reidarson TH Tucker M Cross DH Puschner B 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(3):677-682
Concentrations of nine heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Mn, Mo and Zn) were determined in the hepatic and renal tissues of 80 stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Significant age-dependant increases were observed in liver and kidney concentrations of cadmium and mercury, and renal zinc concentrations. Hepatic iron concentrations were significantly higher in females than males. Animals with suspected domoic acid associated pathological findings had significantly higher concentrations of liver and kidney cadmium; and significantly higher liver mercury concentrations when compared to animals classified with infectious disease or traumatic mortality. Significantly higher hepatic burdens of molybdenum and zinc were found in animals that died from infectious diseases. This is the largest study of tissue heavy metal concentrations in California sea lions to date. These data demonstrate how passive monitoring of stranded animals can provide insight into environmental impacts on marine mammals. 相似文献
54.
Birgit K. Boogaard Bettina B. Bock Simon J. Oosting Johannes S. C. Wiskerke Akke J. van der Zijpp 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(3):259-282
Society’s relationship with modern animal farming is an ambivalent one: on the one hand there is rising criticism about modern
animal farming; on the other hand people appreciate certain aspects of it, such as increased food safety and low food prices.
This ambivalence reflects the two faces of modernity: the negative (exploitation of nature and loss of traditions) and the
positive (progress, convenience, and efficiency). This article draws on a national survey carried out in the Netherlands that
aimed at gaining a deeper understanding about the acceptance of modern dairy farming in Dutch society. People take two dimensions
into account when evaluating different aspects of modern dairy farming: (1) the way living beings are used for production
and (2) the way a dairy farm functions as a business. In both these dimensions people appeared to adopt cautious opinions:
most people preferred relatively traditional and natural farms and were concerned about the use of nature and treatment of
animals in modern production—although this did not imply an outright rejection of modern animal farming. The study also looked
for (and sought to explain) differences of opinion between social groups. Besides socio-demographic factors such as age and
gender, farming experience and value-orientation (such as socially minded and professional) appeared to be important variables.
The values and convictions within modern society can help to explain why some people are greatly concerned about animal welfare
while some show less concern. This diversity also helps to explain why general information campaigns are quite ineffective
in allaying concerns about modern animal farming. 相似文献
55.
Gaiser BK Biswas A Rosenkranz P Jepson MA Lead JR Stone V Tyler CR Fernandes TF 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(5):1227-1235
Acute (96 h) and chronic (21 d) exposures of Daphnia magna neonates were carried out with nano- and micro-sized Ag and CeO(2) particles to assess the influence of both material and size of particles on mortality and moulting. Mortality rates for silver in the acute exposures were: AgNP, 56.7 ± 23.3% at 0.1 mg L(-1) and 100 ± 20% at 1 mg L(-1), and micro-Ag, 13.3 ± 6.7% at 0.1 mg L(-1) and 80 ± 20% at 1 mg L(-1). CeO(2) was not acutely toxic at concentrations up to 10 mg L(-1). Mortality for Ag over 21d at concentrations of up to 0.05 mg L(-1) was low, while mortality of 30% was observed for 0.001 mg L(-1) of nano-Ag. CeO(2), with the exception of the 10 mg L(-1) of nano-CeO(2) (100% mortality by day 7), was non-toxic. Inhibition of moulting and growth in the acute study occurred at toxic concentrations (Ag particles), and at 10 mg L(-1) of nano-CeO(2). The chronic study revealed reduced moulting at 0.001 mg L(-1) of nano-Ag and 0.01 and 0.05 mg L(-1) of both sizes of Ag, but there was no impact on D. magna size, and no effects of CeO(2). The toxicity of nano-CeO(2) may be attributed to reduced feeding and physical interference with the daphnids' carapace, resulting in reduced swimming ability. Our results suggest that Ag NPs in particular have the potential to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates after release into the environment, whereas CeO(2) particles appear to cause little adverse effects, and only at environmentally irrelevant concentrations. 相似文献
56.
Bachner Gabriel Bednar-Friedl Birgit Knittel Nina 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2019,24(7):1325-1341
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Public adaptation to climate change affects government budgets directly on the expenditure side, but also indirectly via changes in the tax... 相似文献
57.
Birgit Schmook 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(3):233-246
Shifting cultivation around the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve of Mexico, part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, appears
to be intensifying temporally through reductions in crop–fallow cycles, with potential impacts on species diversity in the
regenerating forest patches surrounding the reserve. This paper documents the temporal intensity of shifting maize cultivation
in the region and links it to the species diversity found in secondary vegetation of different ages following different crop–fallow
cycles. It finds that younger secondary growth, which is increasing under intensification, has less diversity in species composition.
Simultaneously, the concentration of cultivation practices appears to foster more patches in older and more species-diverse
vegetation. The implications for the preservation of the region’s forest remain uncertain, however, given the spatial concentration
of open lands along two key axes, one which dissects the reserve. 相似文献
58.
Rumpold Birgit A. Klocke Michael Schlüter Oliver 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(5):1445-1454
Regional Environmental Change - Due to the growing world population and changing eating habits, there is an increasing demand in sustainable alternative protein sources, whereas the available land... 相似文献
59.
This study investigates the effects of workers' perceived participation in democratic decision‐making on their prosocial behavioral orientations, democratic values, commitment to the firm, and perceptions of socio‐moral climate. The sample consists of 325 German‐speaking employees from 22 companies in Austria, North Italy, and Southern Germany that vary in their level of organizational democracy (social partnership enterprises, workers' co‐operatives, democratic reform enterprises, and employee‐owned self‐governed firms). The findings suggest that the extent employees participate in democratic forms of organizational decision‐making is positively related to the firm's socio‐moral climate as well as to their own organizational commitment and prosocial and community‐related behavioral orientations. The results also indicate that socio‐moral climate is positively related to employees' organizational commitment. The effect of participation in decision‐making on organizational commitment is partially mediated by socio‐moral climate. Implications for promoting societal and organizational civic virtues among individuals are described. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
60.
PD Dr. Rolf Altenburger Dr. Dana Kühnel Martin Bittens Dr. Birgit Daus Dr. Werner Brack Dr. Florian Centler Prof. Dr. Hauke Harms Dr. Martin Thullner Dr. Lukas Y. Wick Prof. Dr. Kai-Uwe Goss Prof. Dr. Frank-Dieter Kopinke Dr. Katrin Mackenzie Dr. Anja Miltner PD Dr. Matthias Liess Dr. Rainer Wennrich Dr. Anne E. Berns PD Dr. Peter Burauel 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2010,22(4):502-506