Application of proteomics in environmental science

Proteomics involves the separation of proteins, identification of the amino acid sequence of the interested or target proteins, study of the function of the proteins, modification, structure and ultimate assignments to functional pathways in the cell. The proteomic investigations have contributed greatly to human diseases studies, new drugs discovery researches, and environmental science in recent years. This article provides a review on the development of the main proteomic technologies, including both the gel based and non-gel based technologies, and their applications in environmental science. Proteomic technologies have been utilized in the environmental stresses studies to analyze the induction or reduction of proteins at expression level and identify the target proteins to investigate their function in response to environmental stresses, such as high or low pH, oxidation stress, and toxic chemicals. Such protein responses are also helpful to understand the mechanisms of some cellular activities and the functions of some proteins.     

硫酸镁调节SO2衍生物对大鼠海马神经元钠通道的刺激作用

利用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了硫酸镁(MgSO4)对SO2衍生物刺激大鼠海马神经元电压门控性钠通道的调节作用.结果表明,MgSO4对SO2衍生物增大大鼠海马神经元钠电流的效应具有抑制作用,此作用随着SO2衍生物浓度的增加而减弱,随着MgSO4浓度的增加而增强.不同时间加入MgSO4均会显著抑制SO2衍生物增大钠电流的效应,说明MgSO4不仅对SO2衍生物增大钠电流的效应具有抑制作用,而且可即时和延效性地抑制此损伤效应的发生.研究结果提示,硫酸镁对SO2衍生物刺激大鼠海马神经元钠通道具有抑制作用,这可能是MgSO4对SO2引发的中枢神经系统损伤具有防护和治疗作用的机制之一.图4参14     

阳极氧化联合电-Fenton氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用多孔碳素阴极、Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2阳极构建电化学氧化系统用于渗滤液的深度处理。研究结果表明,所构建的电化学氧化系统通过阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化2种机制降解有机污染物;处理过程中阴极表面形成的沉淀物对TOC和COD的衰减也产生了影响。在阴极电位为-1.0 V、Fe2+ 初始浓度为0.5 mmol/L的条件下,电化学处理120 min获得了58% 的TOC去除;处理480 min COD去除率为55%,NH3-N去除率为99%,TN去除率为60%,色度几乎被完全去除。GC-MS分析结果表明,渗滤液中以腐殖质类物质为主的有机化合物被降解为分子量相对较小的有机物,直至完全矿化。联合阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化机制的电化学处理方法为垃圾渗滤液深度处理提供了新的选择。     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中有机污染物复合毒性与多环芳烃毒性贡献

本研究利用发光细菌急性毒性实验测定了长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中有机污染物的复合毒性,同时运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了沉积物中16种美国环境保护局(United States Environmental Protection Agency, US EPA)规定的优先控制的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)的浓度。在此基础上,分析其时空分布特征及多环芳烃毒性贡献,并评估其环境风险。结果表明,2019年长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中16种PAHs总浓度范围为32.84～283.47 ng·g^(-1);2020年浓度范围为66.93～132.64 ng·g(-1);2020年浓度范围为66.93～132.64 ng·g^(-1)。在空间分布上,2019年长江口表层沉积物中PAHs在靠近渔港的区域呈现较高浓度(S3=(283.47±29.94) ng·g(-1)。在空间分布上,2019年长江口表层沉积物中PAHs在靠近渔港的区域呈现较高浓度(S3=(283.47±29.94) ng·g^(-1)),而2020年在靠近舟山岛的区域呈现较高浓度(L6=(132.64±9.95) ng·g(-1)),而2020年在靠近舟山岛的区域呈现较高浓度(L6=(132.64±9.95) ng·g^(-1))。与2019年相比,2020年多环芳烃的平均浓度有所降低,且其细胞毒性量化指标——生物分析当量浓度(BEQ_(bio))的平均值(66.62 mg·kg(-1))。与2019年相比,2020年多环芳烃的平均浓度有所降低,且其细胞毒性量化指标——生物分析当量浓度(BEQ_(bio))的平均值(66.62 mg·kg^(-1))远低于2019年(128.20 mg·kg(-1))远低于2019年(128.20 mg·kg^(-1))。在长江口沉积物毒性当量浓度中PAHs所占比例较小,2019年和2020年由PAHs引起的细胞毒性的平均占比分别为4.46%和4.25%。该结果表明,检测到的PAHs仅能解释所观察到的复合毒性效应的一小部分,因此,还需要进一步对其他未检测的化学物质进行测试分析。     

Elution of p-Dichlorobenzene through compacted soil with alcohol-water mixtures

p-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) was eluted through a compacted ferruginous clay with dilute aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, n- and i-propanols, and n- and i-butanols. The presence of the alcohols results in very marked increases in the concentrations of p-DCB in the effluents from the clay-packed columns. Flux of p-DCB through the columns increases with increasing chain length of the alcohol, and normal alcohols increase the flux somewhat more than corresponding branched alcohols. Flux increases with increasing mole fraction of the alcohol. Flux enhancement is due almost exclusively to enhancement of the solubility of p-DCB.     

工厂的氟污染对蔬菜含氟量的影响

上海某厂生产氟利昂和氢氟酸等化工产品,排放的废水、废气中含有大量氟化物。该厂排放的废气中氟化氢的量相当于全市氟化氢总排放量的50％左右。     

Bioaccumulation,subcellular, and molecular localization and damage to physiology and ultrastructure in Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze exposed to yttrium

Bioaccumulation, subcellular distribution, and acute toxicity of yttrium (Y) were evaluated in Nymphoides peltata. The effects of Y concentrations of 1–5 mg L^?1 applied for 4 days were assessed by measuring changes in photosynthetic pigments, nutrient contents, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and ultrastructure. The accumulation of Y in subcellular fractions decreased in the order of cell wall > organelle > soluble fraction. Much more Y was located in cellulose and pectin than in other biomacromolecules. The content of some mineral elements (Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Mo) increased in N. peltata, but there was an opposite effect for P and K. Meanwhile, ascorbate, and catalase activity decreased significantly for all Y concentrations. In contrast, peroxidase activity was induced, while initial rises in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content were followed by subsequent declines. Morphological symptoms of senescence, such as chlorosis and damage to chloroplasts and mitochondria, were observed even at the lowest Y concentration. Pigment content decreased as the Y concentration rose and the calculated EC₅₀ and MPC of Y for N. peltata were 2 and 0.2 mg L^?1 after 4 days of exposure, respectively. The results showed that exogenous Y was highly available in water and that its high concentration in water bodies might produce harmful effects on aquatic organisms. N. peltata is proposed as a biomonitor for the assessment of metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems.     

椰纤维生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

为了研究不同裂解温度制备的椰衣生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能差异及其机理,并为制备高效吸附生物炭提供依据,采用Langmuir和Freundlich模型拟合分析了300、500和700℃ 3个裂解温度下制备的椰衣生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的等温吸附曲线,使用元素分析仪、Boehm 滴定法、扫描电子显微镜等研究了不同温度制备的生物炭的组成与理化性质。结果表明,Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型都能较好地拟合生物炭对这些重金属的吸附,提高生物炭的制备温度可增加其对Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量,同时降低其对As(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量;制炭温度升高引起的生物炭C含量、灰分含量、pH、CEC的升高和生物炭表面积增大是导致其对Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量增大的主要原因。而随着制炭温度的上升,O、H元素含量下降引起的碱性官能团的增加,和羟基和酚羟基官能团的减少是生物炭对As(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量下降的主要因素。     

Integrating lidar and satellite optical depth with ambient monitoring for 3-dimensional particulate characterization

A combination of in-situ PM_2.5, sunphotometers, upward pointing lidar and satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) instruments have been employed to better understand variability in the correlation between AOD and PM_2.5 at the surface. Previous studies have shown good correlation between these measures, especially in the US east, and encouraged the use of satellite data for spatially interpolating between ground sensors. This work shows that cases of weak correlation can be better understood with knowledge of whether the aerosol is confined to the surface planetary boundary layer (PBL) or aloft. Lidar apportionment of the fraction of aerosol optical depth that is within the PBL can be scaled to give better agreement with surface PM_2.5 than does the total column amount. The study has shown that lidar combined with surface and remotely sensed data might be strategically used to improve our understanding of long-range or regionally transported pollutants in multiple dimensions.     

Enhanced ozonation of simulated dyestuff wastewater by microbubbles

The ozonation of synthetic wastewater containing azo dye, CI Reactive Black 5, was investigated using a microbubble generator and a conventional bubble contactor. The microbubble generator produced a milky and high intensity microbubble solution in which the bubbles had a mean diameter of less than 58 microm and a numerical density of more than 2.9 x 10(4) counts ml(-1) at a gas flow rate of less than 0.5 l min(-1). Compared with the bubble contactor, the total mass transfer coefficient was 1.8 times higher and the pseudo-first order rate constant was 3.2-3.6 times higher at the same initial dye concentration of 100 mg l(-1), 230 mg l(-1) and 530 mg l(-1) in the proposed microbubble system. The amount of total organic carbon removed per g of ozone consumed was about 1.3 times higher in the microbubble system than in the bubble contactor. The test using terephthalic acid as the chemical probe implied that more hydroxyl radicals were produced in the microbubble system, which contributed to the degradation of the dye molecules. The results suggested that in addition to the enhancement of mass transfer, microbubbles, which had higher inner pressure, could accelerate the formation of hydroxyl radicals and hence improve the oxidation of dye molecules.