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81.
D. J. McRae S. G. Conard G. A. Ivanova A. I. Sukhinin S. P. Baker Y. N. Samsonov T. W. Blake V. A. Ivanov A. V. Ivanov T. V. Churkina W. M. Hao K. P. Koutzenogij Nataly Kovaleva 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(1):45-74
As part of the Russian FIRE BEAR (Fire Effects in the Boreal Eurasia Region) Project, replicated 4-ha experimental fires were
conducted on a dry Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris)/lichen (Cladonia sp.)/feathermoss (Pleurozeum schreberi) forest site in
central Siberia. Observations from the initial seven surface fires (2000-2001) ignited under a range of burning conditions
quantified the different fuel consumption and fire behavior characteristics (e.g., rate of spread, fireline intensity, etc.)
possible in this particular forest fuel type. Experimental results and dendrochronological study of local fire history both
support the dominance of local fire regimes by low to moderate-intensity surface fires. Carbon released by the experimental
fires ranged from 4.8 to 15.4 t C ha− 1 depending on fuel conditions and fire severity. Preliminary emission data show a strong correlation between carbon dioxide
(CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, which should facilitate accurate estimates of fire impacts on atmospheric chemistry.
Carbon concentration in smoke samples was related to fire severity. The short landscape-scale fire-return interval (50 years),
combined with typically low fire severity, in pine ecosystems of central Siberia is often associated with low tree mortality
and relatively rapid buildup of litter and understory fuels after a fire. 相似文献
82.
83.
This study investigates and compares five upstream petroleum fiscal systems under crude oil price uncertainty. The fiscal systems analyzed are: the Alberta Canada tax and royalty system, the Papua New Guinea (PNG) (pre-2003) traditional Rate of Return (ROR) system, the Sao Tome and Principe/Nigerian Joint Development Zone (SNJDZ) Production Sharing Contract (PSC), the Tanzanian PSC/ROR hybrid system and the Trinidad and Tobago PSC. Contingent claims analysis is used to value the governments’ tax claims under uncertainty using a numerical approach, viz., Monte Carlo simulation. Each system is tested to obtain the after-tax value accruing to firms as well as the distortionary effects introduced by the fiscal systems. The results are then ranked. The Alberta Canada and PNG fiscal systems provide companies with the highest after-tax values while also being the least distortionary. The Tanzanian system is the lowest in both rankings, providing relatively low after-tax values and introducing strong distortionary effects. The SNJDZ PSC imposed a relatively high tax burden on companies with median distortionary effects. The Trinidadian PSC generated a median tax burden on companies but has strong distortionary effects. 相似文献
84.
Sharks are apex predators, and their evolutionary success is in part due to an impressive array of sensory systems, including
vision. The eyes of sharks are well developed and function over a wide range of light levels. However, whilst close relatives
of the sharks—the rays and chimaeras—are known to have the potential for colour vision, an evolutionary trait thought to provide
distinct survival advantages, evidence for colour vision in sharks remains equivocal. Using single-receptor microspectrophotometry,
we measured the absorbance spectra of visual pigments located in the retinal photoreceptors of 17 species of shark. We show
that, while the spectral tuning of the rod (wavelength of maximum absorbance, λmax 484–518 nm) and cone (λmax 532–561 nm) visual pigments varies between species, each shark has only a single long-wavelength-sensitive cone type. This
suggests that sharks may be cone monochromats and, therefore, potentially colour blind. Whilst cone monochromacy on land is
rare, it may be a common strategy in the marine environment: many aquatic mammals (whales, dolphins and seals) also possess
only a single, green-sensitive cone type. It appears that both sharks and marine mammals may have arrived at the same visual
design by convergent evolution. The spectral tuning of the rod and cone pigments of sharks is also discussed in relation to
their visual ecology. 相似文献
85.
Gwandu T. Blake L. I. Nezomba H. Rurinda J. Chivasa S. Mtambanengwe F. Johnson K. L. 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2022,44(10):3359-3376
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Soil degradation, which is linked to poor nutrient management, remains a major constraint to sustained crop production in smallholder urban agriculture (UA)... 相似文献
86.
Tina L. Cheng Jonathan D. Reichard Jeremy T. H. Coleman Theodore J. Weller Wayne E. Thogmartin Brian E. Reichert Alyssa B. Bennett Hugh G. Broders Joshua Campbell Katherine Etchison Daniel J. Feller Richard Geboy Traci Hemberger Carl Herzog Alan C. Hicks Sandra Houghton Jessica Humber Joseph A. Kath R. Andrew King Susan C. Loeb Ariane Massé Katrina M. Morris Holly Niederriter Gerda Nordquist Roger W. Perry Richard J. Reynolds D. Blake Sasse Michael R. Scafini Richard C. Stark Craig W. Stihler Steven C. Thomas Gregory G. Turner Shevenell Webb Bradford J. Westrich Winifred F. Frick 《Conservation biology》2021,35(5):1586-1597
Assessing the scope and severity of threats is necessary for evaluating impacts on populations to inform conservation planning. Quantitative threat assessment often requires monitoring programs that provide reliable data over relevant spatial and temporal scales, yet such programs can be difficult to justify until there is an apparent stressor. Leveraging efforts of wildlife management agencies to record winter counts of hibernating bats, we collated data for 5 species from over 200 sites across 27 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces from 1995 to 2018 to determine the impact of white-nose syndrome (WNS), a deadly disease of hibernating bats. We estimated declines of winter counts of bat colonies at sites where the invasive fungus that causes WNS (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) had been detected to assess the threat impact of WNS. Three species undergoing species status assessment by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Myotis septentrionalis, Myotis lucifugus, and Perimyotis subflavus) declined by more than 90%, which warrants classifying the severity of the WNS threat as extreme based on criteria used by NatureServe. The scope of the WNS threat as defined by NatureServe criteria was large (36% of Myotis lucifugus range) to pervasive (79% of Myotis septentrionalis range) for these species. Declines for 2 other species (Myotis sodalis and Eptesicus fuscus) were less severe but still qualified as moderate to serious based on NatureServe criteria. Data-sharing across jurisdictions provided a comprehensive evaluation of scope and severity of the threat of WNS and indicated regional differences that can inform response efforts at international, national, and state or provincial jurisdictions. We assessed the threat impact of an emerging infectious disease by uniting monitoring efforts across jurisdictional boundaries and demonstrated the importance of coordinated monitoring programs, such as the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat), for data-driven conservation assessments and planning. 相似文献