典型岩溶地下河流域水体中硝酸盐源解析

地下河是岩溶地区地下水赋存运动的主要场所和重要水源,近年来,硝酸盐污染严重.为解析典型岩溶地下河流域水体中硝酸盐的来源,利用δ~(15)N-NO~-_3、δ~(18)O-NO~-_3和δ~(18)O-H_2O稳定同位素示踪技术开展研究,并通过SIAR稳定同位素模型,对不同污染源的贡献率进行了定量识别,同时阐明了土地利用类型对流域水体硝酸盐分布及来源的影响.结果表明:①降雨/化肥中的氨盐、土壤有机氮和粪肥污水是流域内水体硝酸盐的主要来源;②流域内水体硝酸盐的转化过程主要以硝化作用为主导,水体硝酸盐氮氧同位素初始值未受分馏影响;③基于SIAR模型,不同端元对流域内水体硝酸盐的贡献比例呈季节性差异,化肥、土壤有机氮和粪便污水对丰水期流域内水体硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为57.07%、 34.06%和8.87%;对流域内枯水期水体硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为34.14%、 33.02%和32.84%.     

POC的结构参数对DMCC发动机排放影响的试验研究

在一台直列4缸增压中冷电控单体泵柴油机的进气道上增加甲醇喷射装置,实现柴油甲醇二元燃料燃烧(DMDF)模式.利用废气分析仪对其主要气体排放进行测量,研究在排气管上加装的柴油颗粒氧化催化转化器结构参数对尾气催化效率的影响,试验结果表明:POC长度越长,对碳烟、THC、和未燃甲醇的转化效果越好,甲醇替代率为30%、POC长度为100 mm时,对碳烟、CO、THC和未燃甲醇的平均净化效率分别为15.00%、91.61%、75.56%、66.96%,长度增加至200 mm后,上述效率明显提高,分别提高到30.37%、99.29%、67.55%、95.44%;POC孔密度增加,POC对碳烟、CO及未燃甲醇的转化效率有小幅增加,甲醇替代率为30%时,孔密度从200目增加到300目,对碳烟、CO和未燃甲醇的催化效率分别从19.61%、94.66%、86.07%提高到23.06%、97.44%和88.56%;POC结构参数的改变对NO_x的转化效率影响不大.     

不同草本植物间作对Cd污染土壤的修复效果

为了研究不同草本植物间作对空心菜Cd吸收效果及污染土壤中Cd移除率的影响,采用盆栽试验,以空心菜茎叶Cd消减率与土壤中Cd移除率为主要指标,研究了空心菜在Cd污染土壤中单作及与10种草本植物（高丹草,苏丹草,狼尾草,黑麦草,苦卖菜,菊苣,籽粒苋,三叶草,紫花苜蓿,紫云英）间作的Cd积累效应与对Cd污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明：不同间作处理对空心菜茎叶与根中Cd含量有显著影响,其中,空心菜与高丹草、苏丹草、狼尾草间作后,空心菜茎叶Cd含量显著降低,空心菜茎叶Cd的消减率分别达到34.0%、35.8%、34.3%;菊苣、籽粒苋、三叶草、紫花苜蓿及紫云英与空心菜间作对空心菜茎叶Cd吸收有不同程度促进作用.间作的不同草本植物对土壤中Cd的吸收间有显著差异,地上部Cd含量范围1.81~12.87mg/kg,最大相差7.1倍;不同间作植物茎叶中Cd含量大小为：苦荬菜 > 菊苣 > 苏丹草≈黑麦草 > 高丹草≈狼尾草 > 紫花苜蓿≈籽粒苋 > 三叶草≈紫云英.不同草本植物与空心菜间作对土壤Cd移除率为0.35%~1.49%,其中,高丹草、苏丹草、狼尾草对土壤Cd的移除率分别达到1.46%、1.49%和1.48%;高丹草、苏丹草、狼尾草间作不仅可以有效降低空心菜Cd含量,同时对污染土壤中Cd具有较高的移除率,在Cd污染农田土壤的间作修复中具有较好的应用价值.     

Sulfur dioxide and o-xylene co-treatment in biofilter: Performance, bacterial populations and bioaerosols emissions

Sulfur dioxide(SO_2) and benzene homologs are frequently present in the off-gas during the process of sewage sludge drying. A laboratory scale biofilter was set up to co-treat SO_2 and o-xylene in the present study. SO_2 and o-xylene could be removed simultaneously in a single biofilter. Their concentration ratio in the inlet stream influenced the removal efficiencies. It is worth noting that the removal of SO_2 could be enhanced when low concentrations of o-xylene were introduced into the biofilter. Pseudomonas sp., Paenibacillus sp., and Bacillus sp. were the main functional bacteria groups in the biofilter. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria(SOB) and o-xylene-degrading bacteria(XB) thrived in the biofilter and their counts as well as their growth rate increased with the increase in amount of SO_2 and o-xylene supplied. The microbial populations differed in counts and species due to the properties and components of the compounds being treated in the biofilter. The presence of mixed substrates enhanced the diversity of the microbial population. During the treatment process, bioaerosols including potentially pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Acinetobacter lwoffii and Aeromonas sp., were emitted from the biofilter. Further investigation is needed to focus on the potential hazards caused by the bioaerosols emitted from waste gas treatment bioreactors.     

炼油厂自流含油污水系统的安全风险及预防

系统分析了炼油厂自流含油污水系统设计、施工及运行管理方面存在的主要安全风险。针对性地提出了设计方面进行水封、管道合理设计及井盖合理选材,施工方面进行变形污水井整改、污水管道规范施工,运行管理方面做好系统密封、标识、检测并严控着火源、污水合格排放等预防措施,降低含油污水系统安全风险,确保安全运行。     

通用机场噪声影响预测评价问题及对策研究

中国通用航空已进入蓬勃发展的新时期,将不可避免地带来噪声影响问题。通过对目前通用机场噪声影响预测评价工作进行总结,发现通用机场噪声影响预测评价存在现有技术导则及规范的针对性不强,机场噪声评价标准的适用性不强,评价等级和范围确定的合理性不足,且缺乏对噪声预测源强进行实测验证,噪声防治措施研究及有效性论证不足等问题。由此提出积极制定适用性强的技术导则和评价标准,以期更好地指导通用机场噪声影响预测评价工作实践。     

网络系统最佳震灾对策研究：以古交市供水系统为例

以古交市供水管网系统为例,运用网络分析法分析现有网络系统的可靠性,并提出改进措施,为古交市的供水系统提供最佳震灾对策．     

水合二氧化锰界面特性及其除污染效能

研究了水合二氧化锰(δMnO2)的界面特性及其吸附性能.考察了δMnO2的比表面积、粒径分布、表面官能团及ζ电位;探讨了δMnO2对水中亚砷酸盐及腐殖酸的吸附去除效能.结果表明:δMnO2的比表面积为117.4m2·g-1,体积平均粒径为0.11μm;δMnO2表面具有丰富的表面羟基(Mn-OH);随着pH值由1.9升高至10.7,δMnO2的ζ电位由 22.7mV降低至53.5mV,其零电荷点在pH3.0附近.δMnO2对亚砷酸盐(As(III))及腐殖酸(HA)均表现出优良的吸附去除效能,其单位δMnO2质量的最大吸附量分别为137μgAs(III)·mg-1δMnO2和1.01mgTOC·mg-1δMnO2.亚砷酸盐与腐殖酸共存时,腐殖酸的存在使得亚砷酸盐的去除率下降10%—28%;而亚砷酸盐对腐殖酸的去除无明显影响.     

含硫苯衍生物对发光细菌的毒性效应及其定量结构活性相关分析

利用发光细菌法测定了29种氯取代和硝基取代的苯硫(砜、亚砜)基乙酸酯的毒性,通过定量结构活性相关(QSAR)分析发现:此类化合物的毒性主要与其取代基的电荷效应相关,电荷的区域分布对化合物的毒性效应有重要影响.推测该化台物的毒性机理是毒物分子与发光反应中的主要辅酶FMNH_2形成了氢键.还发现:在这类链状毒物分子中,远离活性中心一端的基团具有脱毒作用.     

Simultaneous denitrifying phosphorus accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor

In order to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the biological treatment process, denitrifying phosphorus accumulation (DNPA) and its affecting factors were studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with synthetic wastewater. The results showed that when acetate was used as the sole carbon resource in the influent, the sludge acclimatized under anaerobic/aerobic operation had good phosphorus removal ability. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation was observed soon when fed with nitrate instead of aeration following the anaerobic stage, which is a vital premise to DNPA. If DNPA sludge is fed with nitrate prior to the anaerobic stage, the DNPA would weaken or even disappear. At the high concentration of nitrate fed in the anoxic stage, the longer anoxic time needed, the better the DNPA was. Induced DNPA did not disappear even though an aerobic stage followed the anoxic stage, but the shorter the aerobic stage lasted, the higher the proportions of phosphorus removal via DNPA to total removal.