Effects of operating parameters on in situ NH3 emission control during kitchen waste composting and correlation analysis of the related microbial communities

Ammonia emission during composting results in anthropogenic odor nuisance and reduces the agronomic value of the compost due to the loss of nitrogen. Adjusting the operating parameters during composting is an emerging in situ odor control technique that is cheap and highly efficient. The effects of in situ NH₃ emission control were investigated in this study by simultaneously adjusting key operating parameters (such as C/N ratio, aeration rate, and moisture content) during the composting processes (C1–C9). Results showed that the average NH₃ emission concentrations for different treatments were in the order of C1 > C4 > C2 > C5 > C3 > C6 > C7 > C8 > C9. The total content of NH₃ emission (21.02 g/kg) in C9 (C/N ratio = 35, aeration rate = 15 L/min, and moisture content = 60%) was much lower than that (65.95 g/kg) in C1 (C/N ratio = 15, aeration rate = 5 L/min, and moisture content = 60%). The nitrogen loss ratio was 27.36% for C1, while 16.15% for C9. The microbial diversity and abundance in C9 and C1 were compared using high-throughput sequencing. The relationship between NH₃ emission, operating parameters, and the related functional microbial communities was also investigated. Results revealed that Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Pseudomonas, Methanosaeta, Rhodobacter, Paracoccus, and Sphingobacterium were negatively related to NH₃ emission. According to the above results, the optimal values for different operating parameters for the in situ NH₃ control during kitchen waste composting were, respectively, moisture content of 70%, C/N ratio of 35, and aeration rate of 15 L/min, with the order of effectiveness from high to low being aeration rate > C/N > moisture. This information could be used as a valuable reference for the in situ NH₃ emission control during kitchen waste composting.

     

全尺寸巷/隧道火灾风烟流温度预测模型与验证*

为探究巷/隧道火灾热动力灾害的演化规律,基于能量守恒定律和热量转换关系,建立巷/隧道火灾风烟流温度演化的预测模型;考虑巷道分叉和汇合对烟气蔓延和温度的影响,构建分叉和汇合巷道内烟流温度随时间变化的演化模型。通过开展全尺寸巷道火灾实验以及与国内典型隧道火灾试验数据对比,对理论模型进行验证。研究结果表明:理论模型所呈现的烟气温度随时间的变化关系,能较好地反映火灾发展的3个阶段,烟气温度的变化趋势符合火灾火源燃烧特性曲线;理论模型能够准确地预测顶棚最大烟气温升以及温度纵向衰减现象,烟气最高温度预测值与实验结果的误差率在15%以内。研究结果可为巷／隧道火灾时期的烟气控制和救援提供理论参考。     

Pioneering observation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Hangzhou in eastern China and implications for upcoming 2022 Asian Games

Understanding the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is critical for air pollution mitigation. Continuous measurements of atmospheric VOCs were conducted from January to February in Hangzhou in 2021. The average measured concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 38.2 ± 20.9 ppb, > 42% lower than that reported by previous studies at the urban center in Hangzhou. The VOC concentrations and proportions were similar between weekdays and weekends. During the long holidays of the Spring Festival in China, the concentrations of TVOCs were ∼50% lower than those during the regular days, but their profiles showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Further, we deduced that aromatics and alkenes were the most crucial chemicals promoting the formation of O₃ and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in Hangzhou. According to interspecies correlations, combustion processes and solvent use were inferred as major VOC emission sources. This study provides implications for air quality improvements before and during the upcoming Asian Games that will be hosted in Hangzhou in 2022.     

Biogeographical distribution of acidophiles and their effects around the Zijinshan heap bioleaching plant

The Zijin heap bioleaching plant started operation by the end of 2005; due to the proximity of the Ting River, concerns rose about the migration of acidophiles outside of the heap. In this study, 53 soil samples and 51 liquid samples were collected, and the biogeographical distribution of acidophiles was investigated using clone libraries and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the physicochemical characteristics were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP). The results indicated the bioleaching system had some influence on the surrounding environment. Both microbial community and physiochemical index emerged correlation with distance of sampling sites from bioleaching system, mainly limited in the zone 30?m outside bioleaching system. Correlation analysis indicated the migration of different acidophiles was influenced by different factors. Leptospirillum had higher migration capability than the other acidophiles, and such migration capability was one of the important influence factors for its distribution. Environment factors and survival ability were the key influence factors for Acidithiobacillus, Sulfobacillus and Ferroplasma to survive in the surrounding environment.     

乌鲁木齐市非金属矿物制品业大气污染物排放清单与时空分布

基于乌鲁木齐市各类非金属矿物制品业的活动水平数据及其排放因子,建立了2015年乌鲁木齐市3种大气污染物的排放清单。2015年乌鲁木齐市非金属矿物制品业大气污染物NO_x、SO₂和PM_2.5的排放总量分别为1.17×10⁴ t、1.63×10⁴ t和8.35×10³ t。混凝土配料行业是NO_x和SO₂的主要排放源,占比分别为56.77%和71.72%;PM2.5的排放源主要是水泥（干法）行业,占比为70.23%。米东区是对NO_x、SO₂和PM_2.5排放量的最大贡献区域,头屯河区是NO_x和SO₂的第二大贡献区域,达坂城区是PM_2.5的第二大贡献区域。污染物在5~9月处于排放高峰期。蒙特卡罗法模拟结果表明,混凝土配料制品行业95%置信区间的不确定性最高,为-72%~157%。     

乌昌石区域化石燃料固定燃烧点源大气污染物排放清单及时空分布

建立了2015年乌昌石区域化石燃料固定燃烧点源大气污染物(NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))的排放清单,并对污染物的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,2015年乌昌石区域化石燃料固定燃烧点源NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的年排放量分别为2.10×10~5、1.52×10~5、4.28×10~4、8.35×10~4 t。从行业上来看,电力生产与供应行业对NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的贡献率最大,分别为70.78%、66.56%、51.10%、49.98%;从化石燃料上来看,煤炭对NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的贡献率最大,分别为95.63%、99.84%、99.70%、99.84%;从锅炉类型上来看,煤粉炉对NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的贡献率最大,分别为84.20%、85.09%、83.43%、84.06%。固定燃烧点源污染物排放呈现出明显的时间变化特征,采暖季污染物排放量明显高于非采暖季,一天中白天的污染物排放量高于夜晚。空间分布显示,大气污染物的排放源主要集中在乌鲁木齐市、五家渠市和昌吉市。     

乌昌石区域的非金属矿物制品业大气污染物排放清单研究

建立了乌昌石区域非金属矿物制品业CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10) 5种大气污染物的排放清单,并进行了时空分布特征分析,初步探究了估算的不确定性。结果显示,乌昌石区域非金属矿物制品业CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)总排放量分别为3.71×10~4、2.76×10~4、3.10×10~4、3.04×10~4、1.29×10~5 t。熟石膏行业是CO的主要排放源;水泥(干法)行业是NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的主要排放源。乌鲁木齐市是CO、NO_x和SO_2排放量的最大贡献源;石河子市是PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)排放量的最大贡献源。乌昌石区域5月至9月是一年中污染物排放的高峰期,11:00至20:00是一天中污染物排放的高峰期。空间上,乌昌石区域的污染物排放主要分布在乌鲁木齐市中部、西南部以及石河子市。     

环境中挥发性有机物监测及分析方法

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是一类重要的环境污染物,严重威胁着环境和人类健康。随着VOCs问题的日趋突出,关于VOCs监测技术的研究也越来越多,检测技术逐渐完善。本文对大气中VOCs的监测技术进行了详细的综述,重点介绍了气相色谱-质谱、高效液相色谱等离线检测方法和质子转移反应质谱法在线监测方法。此外,本文分析了各种采样方法及仪器检测技术的优势与不足,旨在为大气VOCs的监测与研究起到一定的指导作用。     

Numerical simulations of the effect of building configurations and wind direction on fine particulate matters dispersion in a street canyon

To explore the effect of traffic emissions on air quality within street canyon, the wind flow and pollutant dispersion distribution in urban street canyons of different H/W, building gap and wind direction are studied and discussed by 3D computational fluid dynamics simulations. The largest PM_2.5 concentrations are 46.4, 37.5, 28.4 µg/m³ when x = ? 88, ? 19.3, ? 19.3 m in 1.5 m above the ground level and the ratio of H/W is 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1, respectively. The flow around the top of the building and clearance flow between the buildings in street canyon influence by different H/W, which affected the diffusion of fine particulate matters. The largest PM_2.5 concentrations are 88.1, 31.6 and 33.7 µg/m³ when x = 148.0, ? 92.3 and ? 186.7 m above the ground level of 1.5 m height and the building gap of 0, 20 and 40%, respectively. The air flows are cut by the clearance in the street canyons, and present the segmental characteristics. The largest PM_2.5 concentrations are 10.6, 11.2 and 16.0 µg/m³ when x = 165.3 m, x = 58.0 and 1.5 m above the ground level of 1.5 m height and wind direction of the parallel to the street, perpendicular to the street and southwest, respectively. Modelled PM_2.5 concentrations are basic agreement with measured PM_2.5 concentrations for southwest wind direction. These results can help analyze the difussion of PM_2.5 concentration in street canyons and urban planning.

     

Effects of different silicate minerals on silicon activation by Ochrobactium sp. T-07-B

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - As a kind of solid waste with a high silicon content, electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) can be utilized as silicon source by plants through...