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71.
The National Forest Management Act (1976) specifies that multiresource inventories be conducted to provide baseline data for
development and, later, monitoring of national forest management plans. This mandate entails the most ambitious and complex
resource planning effort ever attempted. In this paper we evaluate the structure and use of current inventory-monitoring programs
and recommend a framework for gathering data to improve national forest planning. Current national guidelines are general
and provide only basic directions to forest-level planners. Forest inventories have traditionally concentrated on timber.
Although these inventories are often well designed, the questions we are now asking about forest resources have outgrown these
methods. Forest management is impeded by general confusion over definitions of resources and the interactions among them.
We outline a simple classification scheme that centers on identification of basic ecosystem elements that can be readily measured.
Furthermore, spatial and temporal scales must be considered in the design of inventory-monitoring programs. The concept of
ecological indicators is reviewed, and caution is advised in their use. Inventory-monitoring programs should be goal-directed
and based on as rigorous a statistical design as possible. We also review fundamental issues of variable selection, validation,
and sampling bias. We conclude by developing a flexible inventory-monitoring program that is designed to provide information
on individual characteristics of the environment, rather than being based on fixed definitions of resources. 相似文献
72.
Rebecca J. Wade Bruce L. Rhoads Jose Rodriguez Melinda Daniels David Wilson Edwin E. Herricks Fabian Bombardelli Marcelo Garcia John Schwartz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(4):931-944
ABSTRACT: Many urban and suburban communities in the Midwest are seeking to establish sustainable, morphologically and hydraulically varied, yet dynamically stable fluvial systems that are capable of supporting healthy, biologically diverse aquatic ecosystems — a process known as stream naturalization. This paper describes an integrated research program that seeks to develop a scientific and technological framework to support two stream naturalization projects near Chicago, Illinois. The research program integrates theory and methods in fluvial geomorphology, aquatic ecology, hydraulic engineering and social theory. Both the conceptual and the practical challenges of that integration are discussed. Scientific and technical support emphasize the development of predictive tools to evaluate the performance of possible naturalization designs at scales most appropriate to community based projects. Social analysis focuses on place based evaluations of how communities formulate an environmental vision and then, through decision making, translate this vision into specific stream naturalization strategies. Integration of scientific and technical with social components occurs in the context of community based decision making as the predictive tools are employed by project scientists to help local communities translate their environmental visions into concrete environmental designs. Social analysis of this decision making process reveals how the interplay between the community's vision of what they want the watershed to become, and the scientific perspective on what the watershed can become to achieve the community's environmental goals, leads to the implementation of specific stream naturalization practices. 相似文献
73.
74.
Cordylanthus palmatus is a hemiparasitic annual of the family Scrophulareacae. It is on both the federal and state lists of endangered species.
Only four widely separated populations remain, all of them in alkali sinks, where the plant thrives in saline-sodic soils.
The largest population is at Springtown, Alameda County, California. This article reports on efforts to develop a management
plan for both the plant and the alkali sink ecosystem. The plan is based on: (1) characterization of hydrology, soils and
geomorphology of the site; (2) characterization of the land use impacts to the site; (3) analysis of plant distribution in
relation to gradients of elevation and soil chemistry; (4) studies on water potential and water stress inCordylanthus palmatus and associated species. On the basis of this plan, both the State of California and private groups are cooperating to create,
restore, and manage a preserve in the Springtown Alkali Sink. 相似文献
75.
76.
Clifford W. Randall Bruce S. Huloher Paul H. King 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1970,6(4):648-660
The activated sludge process can remove significant amounts of phosphorus from sewage, but the removal efficiency is usually significantly reduced by the release of phosphate back to solution during subsequent treatment steps. This research presents a study of soluble phosphate release from activated sludge with emphasis on defining the factors that affect such release and the actual release mechanisms. Laboratory units were used for experimental purposes. The experiments were designed to study the relationship between soluble phosphate release and various environmental factors such as redox potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, solids concentration, solids destruction, and sulfate salt addition. The effect of substrate utilization on phosphate uptake and the relationship between uptake characteristics and subsequent phosphate release were also studied. The results show that some phosphate storage occurs during aerobic substrate utilization. Following substrate utilization, activated sludge phosphate release is directly related to the amount of biological stress the organisms are subjected to, and the mechanism of release is primarily cell lysis. The phosphate released per unit sludge under anoxic conditions is relatively constant. Under normal environmental conditions, neither ORP or pH change have a significant affect on phosphate release. 相似文献
77.
78.
Discard reduction is a component of the statutory requirements of the Sustainable Fisheries Act. One species of concern is scup, Stenotomus chrysops, discarded in the Loligo pealei fishery. Initially, regulations were imposed restricting the fishery in time and space to avoid areas and times associated with high scup discarding. Modified gear was required in 2003 on any boat fishing in areas otherwise closed to the fishery to reduce scup discarding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success of the 2003 net regulations and the potential influence of time-area closures (GRAs) in achieving a reduction in scup discarding. The regulations are based on three expectations. (1) Reduction in discarding in the Loligo squid fishery will materially reduce total scup discarding. (2) Exclusion of Loligo squid fishing vessels from the GRAs will result in these vessels fishing in areas that inherently produce fewer scup discards without equivalently increasing discarding in other sensitive species. (3) The use of a square-mesh large-mesh section in the extension will reduce scup discarding to the extent that otherwise would be achieved if the boats fished outside the GRAs without the economic cost imposed by redeploying the fleet. Analysis of the NMFS-NEFSC observer database offers no support for the belief that Expectation 1 has been met. Squid catches were too low to sustain a directed fishery in the northern GRA during this study. Thus, had this area been open, limited scup discarding would have occurred. In this study, squid catches averaged 1025 kg tow(-1) in the southern GRA. Thus, had the GRA been open, Loligo fishing would have taken place. Yet, in the 34 tows taken by two vessels, not a single scup was caught. Redeployment of the fleet clearly increased scup discarding in 2003. Thus, Expectation 2 was not met. Field tests demonstrated that the implemented net modification can produce reduced catches of mostly smaller-sized finfish without impairing squid catch, but the data also indicate that this result may not be routinely achieved. Thus, Expectation 3 was not completely met. Implementation of the 2003 net regulation was likely premature, in that the specification was not adequate to guarantee the desired results. The history of the scup discarding issue in the Loligo squid fishery demonstrates that discard reduction cannot be accomplished without adequate prior evaluation of the sources of discards, without the requisite and concomitant experimental evaluation of the results of regulatory reform, and without adequate commercial-scale testing of prospective reforms prior to implementation. 相似文献
79.
Kelly KE Wagner DA Lighty JS Sarofim AF Bretecher B Holden B Helgeson N Sahay K Nardi Z 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(1):83-92
In-service diesel engines are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) emissions, and they have been subjected to increasingly strict emissions standards. Consequently, the wide-scale use of some type of particulate filter is expected. This study evaluated the effect of an Engelhard catalyzed soot filter (CSF) and a Rypos electrically heated soot filter on the emissions from in-service diesel engines in terms of PM mass, black carbon concentration, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration, and size distribution. Both filters capture PM. The CSF relies on the engine's exhaust to reach the catalyst regeneration temperature and oxidize soot, whereas the electrically heated filter contains a heating element to oxidize soot. The filters were installed on several military diesel engines. Particle concentrations and compositions were measured before and after installation of the filter and again after several months of operation. Generally, the CSF removed at least 90% of total PM, and the removal efficiency improved or remained constant after several months of operation. In contrast, the electrical filters removed 44-69% of PM mass. In addition to evaluating the soot filters, the sampling team also compared the results of several real-time particle measurement instruments to traditional filter measurements of total mass. 相似文献
80.
Agricultural Land Use Effects on Sediment Loading and Fish Assemblages in Two Minnesota (USA) Watersheds 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We examined the relationship between water quality and fish communities within two agricultural areas using a computer simulation model. Our analyses focused on a coolwater stream, Wells Creek in southeastern Minnesota, and a warmwater stream, the Chippewa River in western Minnesota. We used the Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport (ADAPT) model in relation to land use to calculate instream suspended sediment concentrations using estimates of sediment delivery, runoff, baseflow and streambank erosion, and quantified the effects of suspended sediment exposure on fish communities. We predicted the effects of agricultural practices on stream fish communities under several possible land use scenarios, with reference to current conditions. Land use changes led to reductions in sediment loading of up to 84% in Wells Creek and 49% in the Chippewa River. The reduction in sediment loading across scenarios may be directly related to a reduction in runoff by about 35% in both study areas. We found a 98% decrease in lethal concentrations of suspended sediment on fish in Wells Creek with an increase in conservation tillage, riparian buffers, and permanent vegetative cover. However, the effects of suspended sediment did not significantly decrease in the Chippewa River. This difference between study areas was likely due to differences in tolerance to suspended sediment between coolwater and warmwater fish communities and differences in topography, runoff and bank erosion between the two streams.
The Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly sponsored by the US Geological Survey, the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and the Wildlife Management Institute. 相似文献