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411.
Workers never mate in the large majority of ants, and they have usually lost the spermatheca, an organ specialized for long-term
storage of sperm. Such ‘non-sexual’ workers are restricted to laying unfertilized eggs that give rise to males, and they cannot
compete with the queens for the production of female offspring. In sharp contrast, workers in 200–300 species from phylogenetically
basal subfamilies can reproduce sexually (‘gamergates’) because they retain a functional spermatheca like the queens. Importantly,
‘non-sexual’ workers in closely related species have a vestigial spermatheca. In this study, we compared the reservoir epithelium
of ‘sexual’ workers to that of congeneric queens and ‘non-sexual’ workers using 21 species of Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae and
Ectatomminae. We show that a pronounced thickening of the epithelium near the opening of the sperm duct is strictly associated
with sexual reproduction in both castes. This is unlike ‘non-sexual’ workers in which this epithelium is always very thin,
with few organelles; but all other structures remain intact. We discuss this evolutionary degeneration of the spermatheca
and how it relates to behavioural or physiological modifications linked to mating. Our results help understand the loss of
sexual reproduction by ant workers, a critical step in the extreme specialization of their phenotype. 相似文献
412.
Manuel R. Guariguata Jonathan P. Cornelius Bruno Locatelli Claudio Forner G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(8):793-808
The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis
has been placed on how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses how tropical
forestry practices can contribute to maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural and planted forests to global
climate change and considers challenges and opportunities for the integration of tropical forest management in broader climate
change adaptation. In addition to the use of reduced impact logging to maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches may
be needed, such as fire prevention and management, as well as specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic
adaptation. In the case of planted forests, the normally higher intensity of management (with respect to natural forest) offers
additional opportunities for implementing adaptation measures, at both industrial and smallholder levels. Although the integration
in forest management of measures aimed at enhancing adaptation to climate change may not involve substantial additional effort
with respect to current practice, little action appears to have been taken to date. Tropical foresters and forest-dependent
communities appear not to appreciate the risks posed by climate change and, for those who are aware of them, practical guidance
on how to respond is largely non-existent. The extent to which forestry research and national policies will promote and adopt
management practices in order to assist production forests adapt to climate change is currently uncertain. Mainstreaming adaptation
into national development and planning programs may represent an initial step towards the incorporation of climate change
considerations into tropical forestry. 相似文献
413.
Twenty years after the Chernobyl accident, root uptake from the surface layers of contaminated forest soils plays a major role in radiocaesium ((137)Cs) transfer to the trees and accumulation in perennial compartments, including stemwood. Trustworthy long-term predictions (modelling) of stemwood contamination with (137)Cs should accordingly be based on a reliable picture of this source-sink relationship. Considering the complexity of the processes involved in (137)Cs cycling in forest stands, elementary ratios like transfer factors (TF) were shown to be not very relevant for that purpose. At the tree level, alternatives like the wood immobilisation potential (WIP) have therefore been proposed in order to quantify the current net (137)Cs accumulation in stemwood. Our objective was here to compare WIP values determined for a series of contaminated forest stands in Belarus with the corresponding pools of (137)Cs available in the soil for root uptake. The comparison reveals that both indices are quite proportional, whatever the forest ecosystem features. This corroborates the relevancy of WIP as an indicator of the current (137)Cs root uptake by the trees, which could accordingly help to improve the existing models of (137)Cs cycling and the long-term management of contaminated forest ecosystems. 相似文献
414.
Giménez J Rovira M Clarens F Casas I Duro L Grivé M Bruno J de Pablo J 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2006,83(1-2):42-52
Due to the higher stability of the spent nuclear fuel (mainly composed of UO2) under reducing conditions, and in order to enhance the retention/retardation of some key radionuclides, the olivine rock from the Lovasj?rvi intrusion has been proposed as a potential redox-active backfill-additive in deep high-level nuclear waste (HLNW) repositories. In this work, two different approaches have been undertaken in order to establish the redox buffer capacity of olivine rock: (1) The capacity of the rock to respond to changes in pH or pe has been demonstrated and the final (pH, pe) coordinates agree with the control exerted by the system Fe(II)/Fe(III). (2) The rate of consumption of oxygen has been determined at different pH values. These rates are higher than the ones reported in the literature for other solids, what would point to the possibility of using this rock as an additive to the backfill material in a HLNW. 相似文献
415.
Hollas Camila Ester Rodrigues Heloisa Campeão Oyadomari Vitoria Mitsue Agliardi Bolsan Alice Chiapetti Venturin Bruno Bonassa Gabriela Tápparo Deisi Cristina Abilhôa Hélen Caroline Zonta da Silva João Fernando Ferri Michelon William Cavaler Jadiane Paola Antes Fabiane Goldschmidt Steinmetz Ricardo Luís Radis Treichel Helen Kunz Airton 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(49):73599-73621
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Improper disposal of animal waste is responsible for several environmental problems, causing eutrophication of lakes and rivers, nutrient overload in... 相似文献
416.
de Araújo Gusmão Carolina Palharim Priscila Hasse Ramos Bruno Teixeira Antonio Carlos Silva Costa 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(28):42215-42230
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Catalyst samples based on SiO2-supported TiO2 were prepared with the incorporation of Ag (metal), S (nonmetal), and ZnO@S (semiconductor and... 相似文献
417.
Punzo Gennaro Castellano Rosalia Bruno Emma 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2022,29(4):727-753
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - This study sets up a spatial econometric framework to explore the factors that best describe land consumption in Italy at the municipal level. By modelling... 相似文献
418.
Punzo Gennaro Castellano Rosalia Bruno Emma 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2022,29(4):915-926
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - 相似文献
419.
da Silva Barbosa Ferreira Eduardo Luna Carlos Bruno Barreto Siqueira Danilo Diniz Araújo Edcleide Maria de França Danyelle Campos Wellen Renate Maria Ramos 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(2):541-554
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - PLA has aroused industrial and scientific interest in recent years, mainly due to its biodegradable character. However, PLA is brittle and displays low... 相似文献