水生植物酸碱预处理对厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷的影响简

采用酸碱预处理乌梁素海典型沉水植物龙须眼子菜和挺水植物芦苇,通过厌氧发酵动力学分析、还原糖变化及微观结构解析,研究酸碱预处理对水生植物厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷的影响。实验结果表明,酸碱预处理后水生植物厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷两阶段累积产气量、氢气及甲烷含量均显著提高,酸处理效果优于碱处理。采用0.5 mol/L HCl预处理龙须眼子菜效果最佳,最大氢气、甲烷含量分别达42.65%和52.82%,产氢气速率为4.118 mL/h,产甲烷速率最高达14.199 mL/h。芦苇经1 mol/L HCl预处理效果最佳,最高氢气、甲烷含量分别为32.22%和65.26%。扫描电镜微观结构分析表明,酸碱预处理可显著破坏芦苇、龙须眼子菜的纤维素结构,有效增加植物与微生物接触面积,有利于厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷工艺的快速启动和稳定运行。     

微波诱导Fe2O3/沸石负载型催化剂催化氧化焦化废水的研究

以天然沸石为载体,采用尿素均匀沉淀法制备了Fe2O3/沸石负载型催化剂(简称负载催化剂),研究其在微波辐射下对焦化废水的处理效果,探讨了负载催化剂投加量、微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间等因素对处理效果的影响,并考察了负载催化刑的重复使用性能.结果表明,天然沸石、于350℃焙烧得到的负载催化刑和于550℃焙烧得到的负载催化剂...     

An important pathway for ozonolysis of alpha-pinene and beta-pinene in aqueous phase and its atmospheric implications

The aqueous ozonolysis of α-pinene and β-pinene was conducted under simulated tropospheric conditions at different pHs and temperatures. Three kinds of products, peroxides, carbonyl compounds, and organic acids, were well characterized, and the detection of these products provides effective evidence for understanding the atmospheric aqueous reaction pathway. We have two interesting findings: (1) the unexpected formation of methacrolein (MACR), with a yield of ～40%, in the α-pinene–O₃ aqueous reaction indicates a potentially new SOA formation pathway, because MACR is one of the important precursors of SOA; and (2) the surprisingly high yields of H₂O₂, ～60% for the α-pinene–O₃ reaction and ～100% for the β-pinene–O₃ reaction, indicates that H₂O₂ can be a significant contributor to the origin and transformation of oxidants in the atmosphere, especially in the humid regions. Moreover, we have determined the rate constant for aqueous reaction between MACR and H₂O₂ in pH 2 to 7 and obtained its upper limit as 0.13 M L^?1 s^?1. A mechanism concerning the formation of the species mentioned above is proposed, and it differs from that in the gas-phase reaction. We suggest that water plays a key role in the mechanism, by participating in the reactions as a direct reactant and by removing the excess energy of intermediates formed in the reactions.     

基于机制设计理论的环境政策初探

机制设计理论是研究在市场失灵的情况下,如何设计一套机制达到既定社会目标的理论。而环境问题的特殊性质使得单纯依靠市场无法合理有效的解决环境问题,这就需要机制设计这一理论的指导。基于机制设计理论的原理,已探索出很多环境政策,有效的预防并解决了污染问题,使公众利益与社会的总体利益达到了“激励相容”。本文在以排污税、排污权交易等环境政策的设计为例,探讨了机制设计理论在环境政策制定中的应用,同时分析了机制设计理论存在的问题,指出在经济全球化的背景下,依靠机制设计理论解决环境问题遇到的瓶颈,提出了利用机制设计理论制定环境政策未来的可能方向和着力点。     

Effective adsorbent for arsenic removal: core/shell structural nano zero-valent iron/manganese oxide

Recently, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) has emerged as an effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions. However, its use in various applications has suffered from reactivity loss resulting in a decreased efficiency. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop an effective arsenic adsorbent as a core/shell structural nZVI/manganese oxide (or nZVI/Mn oxide) to minimize the reactivity loss of the nZVI. As the major result, the arsenic adsorption capacities of the nZVI/Mn oxide for As(V) and As(III) were approximately two and three times higher than that of the nZVI, respectively. In addition, the As(V) removal efficiency of the nZVI/Mn oxide was maintained through 4 cycles of regeneration whereas that of the nZVI was decreased significantly. The enhanced reactivity and reusability of the nZVI/Mn oxide can be successfully explained by the synergistic interaction of the nZVI core and manganese oxide shell, in which the manganese oxides participate in oxidation reactions with corroded Fe²⁺ and subsequently retard the release of aqueous iron providing additional surface sites for arsenic adsorption. In summary, this study reports the successful fabrication of a core/shell nZVI/Mn oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions.     

Hydrolysis and photolysis of oxytetracycline in aqueous solution

Oxytetracycline ((2Z,4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6S,12aS)-2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino-5,6,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione) is a member of tetracycline antibiotics family and is widely administered to farm animals for the purpose of therapeutical treatment and health protection. Increasing attention has been paid to the environmental fate of oxytetracycline and other veterinary antibiotics with the occurrence of these antibiotics in the environment. The hydrolysis and photolysis degradation of oxytetracycline was investigated in this study. Oxytetracycline hydrolysis was found to obey the first-order model and similar rate constant values ranging from 0.094 ± 0.001 to 0.106 ± 0.003 day^{? 1} were obtained at different initial concentration ranging from 10 to 230 μ M. Solution pH and temperature were shown to have remarked effects on oxytetracycline hydrolysis. The hydrolysis in pH neutral solution appeared to be much faster than in both acidic and alkaline solutions. Oxytetracycline half-life decreased from 1.2 × 10² to 0.15 day with the increasing temperature from 4 ± 0.8 to 60 ± 1°C. The presence of Ca^{2 +} made oxytetracycline hydrolytic degradation kinetics deviate from the simple first-order model to the availability-adjusted first-order model and greatly slowed down the hydrolysis. Oxytetracycline photolysis was found to be very fast with a degradation rate constant at 3.61 ± 0.06 day^{? 1}, which is comparable to that of hydrolysis at 60°C. The presence of Ca^{2 +} accelerated oxytetracycline photolysis, implying that oxytetracycline become more vulnerable to sunlight irradiation after chelating with Ca^{2 +}. The photolysis may be the dominant degradation pathway of oxytetracycline in shallow transparent water environment.     

矿化垃圾床＋三维电极／电Fenton法处理老龄垃圾渗滤液

提出以二级矿化垃圾床为预处理单元,串联三维电极／电Fenton处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的组合工艺。矿化垃圾床处理后渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷、色度的去除率分别为80．55％、88．47％、98．32％和87．53％。通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了三维电极／电Fenton法最佳工艺条件。经该组合工艺后,渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷和色度的最高去除率分别可达97．08％、95．24％、99．55％和96．92％,其中COD、总磷、色度这3个指标低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB16889．2008）表2规定的排放标准,为该组合工艺在实际中的应用提供重要理论依据。     

Analysis of biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants in the aquatic food web of the Mekong Delta, South Vietnam using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes

The present study elucidated the biomagnification profiles of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through a tropical aquatic food web of Vietnam based on trophic characterization using stable nitrogen analysis. Various biological samples collected from the main stream of the Mekong Delta were provided for the analysis for both POPs, and stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios. Of the POPs analyzed, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) were the predominant contaminants with concentrations ranging from 0.058 to 12 ng/g wet weight, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at 0.017-8.9 ng/g, chlordane compounds (CHLs) at 0.0043-0.76 ng/g, tris-4-chlorophenyl methane (TCPMe) at N.D.-0.26 ng/g, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) at N.D.-0.20 ng/g and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at 0.0021-0.096 ng/g. Significant positive increases of concentrations in DDTs, CHLs, and TCPMe against the stable nitrogen ratio (delta(15)N) were detected, while, concentrations of HCHs and HCB showed no significant increase. The slopes of the regression equations between the log-transformed concentrations of these POPs and delta(15)N were used as indices of biomagnification. The slopes of the POPs for which positive biomagnification was detected ranged from 0.149 to 0.177 on a wet weight basis. The slopes of DDTs and CHLs were less than those reported for a marine food web of the Arctic Ocean, indicating that less biomagnification had occurred in the tropical food web. Of the isomers of CHLs, unlike the studies of the Arctic Ocean, oxychlordane did not undergo significant biomagnification through the food web of the Mekong Delta. This difference is considered to be due to a lack of marine mammals, which might metabolize cis- and trans-chlordane to oxychlordane, in the Mekong Delta ecosystem. The biomagnification profile of TCPMe is reported for the first time in the present study.     

Antioxidative response to Cd in a newly discovered cadmium hyperaccumulator, Arabis paniculata F

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, Cd accumulation, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and antioxidative enzymes in leaves and roots of Arabis paniculata F., a new Cd hyperaccumuator found in China. The results showed that 22-89 microM Cd in solution enhanced the growth of A. paniculata after three weeks, with 21-27% biomass increase compared to the control. Cd concentrations in shoots and roots increased with increasing Cd supply levels, and reached a maximum of 1662 and 8670 mg kg(-1) Cd dry weight at 178 microM Cd treatment, respectively. In roots, 22-89 microM Cd reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide (O(2)(-1)) and H(2)O(2) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). In leaves, the contents of MDA, O(2)(-1) and H(2)O(2) remained unaffected by 22-89 microM Cd, while 178 microM Cd treatment significantly increased the MDA content, 69.5% higher than that of the control; generally, the activities of SOD, catalase (CAT), GPX and APX showed an increasing pattern with increasing Cd supply levels. Our present work concluded that A. paniculata has a great capability of Cd tolerance and accumulation. Moderate Cd treatment (22-89 microM Cd) alleviated the oxidative stress in roots, while higher level of Cd addition (178 microM) could cause an increasing generation of ROS, which was effectively scavenged by the antioxidative system.     

Vegetation NDVI Linked to Temperature and Precipitation in the Upper Catchments of Yellow River

Vegetation in the upper catchment of Yellow River is critical for the ecological stability of the whole watershed. The dominant vegetation cover types in this region are grassland and forest, which can strongly influence the eco-environmental status of the whole watershed. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for grassland and forest has been calculated and its daily correlation models were deduced by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer products on 12 dates in 2000, 2003, and 2006. The responses of the NDVI values with the inter-annual grassland and forest to three climatic indices (i.e., yearly precipitation and highest and lowest temperature) were analyzed showing that, except for the lowest temperature, the yearly precipitation and highest temperature had close correlations with the NDVI values of the two vegetation communities. The value of correlation coefficients ranged from 0.815 to 0.951 (p?<?0.01). Furthermore, the interactions of NDVI values of vegetation with the climatic indicators at monthly interval were analyzed. The NDVI of vegetation and three climatic indices had strong positive correlations (larger than 0.733, p?<?0.01). The monthly correlations also provided the threshold values for the three climatic indictors, to be used for simulating vegetation growth grassland under different climate features, which is essential for the assessment of the vegetation growth and for regional environmental management.