深圳市土壤表层汞污染等级结构与空间特征分析

在深圳市采集并分析了200个表层土壤样品中的汞浓度,并利用克里格插值与单因子污染指数评价等方法研究了该区土壤表层汞污染数量结构与空间分异特征.结果表明,深圳市土壤汞平均值为70.52ng/g,中值为58.82ng/g.37%的样点土壤汞浓度超过土壤背景值,5%的样点处于中度以上汞污染水平.样点的土壤汞浓度随着的高程和坡度的增加呈现出均值降低,偏差减小的变化趋势.汞污染严重的区域为南山蛇口工业区、宝安西部工业区、龙岗大工业区与东部工业区和罗湖商业区等,人类活动与城市土壤汞浓度密切相关,污染的主要来源为工业区化石燃料燃烧、含汞废物排放、商业区长期的人类活动以及生活垃圾的处理等.     

生产环境中十种挥发性有机物的采集和测定

建立了气相色谱测定生产环境中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、丙酮、二氯甲烷、环己酮、异丙醇.2-丁酮、4-甲基2-戊酮、三氯乙烯等10种挥发性有机物的分析方法.选择扩散型挥发性有机物采集器采集空气中的10种挥发性有机物,确定萃取时间、萃取溶剂、萃取溶剂体积以及气相色谱仪器条件.检出限在0.05ILg·ml-1-0.49μg·ml-1之间,回收率在70.5%-97.3%之间,RSD在2.1%-6.9%之间,样品可在室温下保存7d.方法快速简便,准确可靠,适用于生产环境中挥发性有机物的测定,极具实际应用的推广性.     

人工湿地植物量及其对净化效果影响的研究

人工湿地污水处理系统中,植物对污水净化效果起着非常重要的作用,而植物量是植物生长的关键参数之一。为了明确植物量对污水处理效果的影响,在2002--2008年期间,详细测定了芦苇（Ph．australisTrin）、再力花（Thaliadealbata）、荻（M．sacchariflorus）和美人蕉（Cannaindica）4种典型湿地植物不同年度的生物量、不同生长阶段的生物量、生物量年产率,以及同期湿地COD、BOD5、TN和TP等的去除率。结果表明：湿地植物在栽植成活、稳定生长以后,至少要再经过1个以上的生长周期才能完全适应湿地环境,达到生物量的最大值,其中芦苇根系和茎叶生物量显著高于其他植物;同种植物的植物量与COD、BOD5、TN去除率呈显著正相关,与TP相关性不强;植物量随生长周期的变化对湿地净化能力的影响显著,确定合理收割期有利于湿地的稳定运行;不同种类植物生物量年产率与各种污染物的去除率均显著相关,芦苇、再力花和美人蕉均具有较高的生物量年产率,污染物去除能力较好。在试验范围内,芦苇湿地的运行稳定性最好,再力花湿地具有最强的脱氮能力,美人蕉湿地能快速形成规模、实现稳定运行,这些为构建不同特点和不同需要的湿地提供了重要参考。     

Identifying Opportunities for Decision Support Systems in Support of Regional Resource Use Planning: An Approach Through Soft Systems Methodology

/ Regional resource use planning relies on key regional stakeholder groups using and having equitable access to appropriate social, economic, and environmental information and assessment tools. Decision support systems (DSS) can improve stakeholder access to such information and analysis tools. Regional resource use planning, however, is a complex process involving multiple issues, multiple assessment criteria, multiple stakeholders, and multiple values. There is a need for an approach to DSS development that can assist in understanding and modeling complex problem situations in regional resource use so that areas where DSSs could provide effective support can be identified, and the user requirements can be well established. This paper presents an approach based on the soft systems methodology for identifying DSS opportunities for regional resource use planning, taking the Central Highlands Region of Queensland, Australia, as a case study.     

纳米磁性颗粒Fe3O4用于吸附水相中酸性红73及其机理研究

利用纳米磁性颗粒处理含酸性红73废水以利于进一步降低其色度.实验以酸洗废液制备的纳米磁粉Fe3O4作为吸附剂,并通过单因素实验和吸附动力学及热力学的分析探讨其对酸性红73的表面吸附的吸附机理.结果表明:纳米磁粉Fe3O4对酸性红73的表面吸附符合假二级动力学方程,其反应活化能为49.05 kJ·mol-1.磁粉对酸性红73的吸附是快速的表面物理吸附,其表面吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附式,是放热和熵减的自发过程.在温度T为303 K的条件下,20 min内的饱和吸附量能可达到40.1 mg·g-1.因此,用纳米磁粉Fe3O4吸附处理含偶氮染料废水,吸附平衡可在很短的时间内实现.     

Is urban development an urban river killer? A case study of Yongding Diversion Channel in Beijing, China

The high population and concrete environment alter urban areas by changing temperature, rainfall runoff, and water resource utilization activities. This study was conducted to investigate the water quality features of the Yongding Diversion Channel in Beijing, China, and its relationship with rainfall and urban development. Monthly water quality data were obtained from April to October of 2004 at monitoring sites of Sanjiadian, Gaojing, Luodaozhuang, and Yuyuangtan. The monthly water quality grades from 2007 to 2011 were also investigated and compared with those of other rivers. Dissolved oxygen and pH showed greater decreases after one or two moderate rainfall events than several light rainfall events. The potassium permanganate index （CODMn）, ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） and total phosphorus （TP） increased more after several light rainfall events than after one or two moderate or heavy rainfall events. Pollutant concentrations （CODMn, NH3-N, TP） in downstream regions showed greater changes than those in upstream areas after heavy rainfall events. Intense human activities around the channel greatly influenced the water quality of the channel in rainy season because of runoff pollution; however, heavy rainfall had a strong dilution effect on the pollutant concentrations in rivers. Overall, urban development has obviously deteriorated the water quality of the Yongding Diversion Channel as indicated by an increase in the water quality index from 3.22 in 2008 to 4.55 in 2010. The Pearson correlation between monthly rainfall and water quality indices from 2007 to 2011 ranged from 0.1286 to 0.6968, generally becoming weaker as rainfall and rainfall runoff became more random and extreme.     

新型雷电预警系统在石化行业的应用

在石化重点防护区布设雷电预警设备,相临预警点自动组网,实现小区域雷电临近预警,同时可预判雷电运动趋势。根据预警等级执行相应的应急预案,做到及时管控雷电可能造成重大危害的关键作业,并通过雷电运动趋势提前告知雷电运动下游企业采取必要应急措施,从而防止发生雷击引起的燃爆和人身伤亡事故,促进安全生产。     

220kV输变电工程电磁辐射环境影响研究

文章以黄石220kV向家咀输变电工程为研究对象,通过现场调研和监测,根据《500kV超高压送变电工程电磁辐射环境影响评价技术规范》(HJ/T24-1998)附录A、B、C推荐的计算模式并借助计算机软件定量的预测出该项目投产运行后对周边环境电磁辐射的环境贡献值,同时通过测量同电压等级、容量以及同导线型号的宜都220kV郭飞线(郭飞变电站至飞凤变电站)的电磁辐射现状验证预测结果,得出研究结论并对输变电线路电磁辐射提出保护措施和建议。     

MBR短程硝化反硝化处理高氨氮废水影响因素的研究

采用AOMBR处理模拟高氨氮废水,研究了短程硝化反硝化的效果,试验表明：在DO为1．0mg／L-1．5mg／L,系统温度为28℃,pH控制在7．5到8．6之间,进水NH3-N在598．2mg／L-701．3mg／L时,能够迅速启动反应器,在其他工况稳定不变的条件下,探讨了pH、温度和DO等对系统短程硝化稳定运行的影响,并探讨了此过程的影响机理。整个实验过程中,pH和进水氨氮的浓度能够短暂的影响亚硝酸盐的积累,但是并不能长久的使之稳定运行。在形成短程硝化的过程中膜污染逐渐加剧,经过清洗之后膜通量并不能完全恢复。     

围填海造成的海岸带生态系统服务损耗的货币化评估技术探讨

从围填海负面生态影响的货币化评估的必要性和重要性入手,基于国内外相关研究的分析,将海岸带生态系统服务划分为两大类,一类是提供物质性产品和条件的供给服务;另一类是提供其他非物质性的服务,包括调节、文化和支持服务,并对供给、调节、文化和支持四类服务各自包含的具体子服务加以识别.在此基础上,针对海岸带生态系统提供的各类服务自身的特点,运用直接市场法、替代市场法、调查评价法和成果参照法,提出了围填海造成的海岸带生态系统服务损害的货币化评估技术选择的基本框架,并构建了四类服务(子服务)损耗货币化的相应评估模型.