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31.
Derz K Schmidt B Schwiening S Schuphan I 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2006,41(5):471-484
The microbial degradation of 14C-pyrene and 14C-benzo[a]pyrene by a bacterial mixed culture was studied within a mixture of the PAHs phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene as sole carbon source in the different culture systems: (i) liquid medium, (ii) soil slurry (surface and grinding influence), and (iii) soil. The fate of these two labeled compounds was followed in these systems with an emphasis on mineralization to carbon dioxide, extractability, and adsorption to humic materials and formation of unextractable residual. Mineralization showed the most obvious differences: soil slurries achieved the best results both concerning the extent of mineralization and the time required. The highest extent of pyrene mineralization (54% within 21 days) was observed in soil slurries; in liquid media, pyrene mineralization was slower, but reached approximately the same extent (54% in 150 days); in soils, mineralization reached only 36% of added pyrene after 160 days. Benzo[a]pyrene was mineralized in a mixture of PAHs in soil slurries to an extent of 34% within 70 days, whereas mineralization in liquid medium and soil occurred in the range of 5% (70 days). Mineralization of benzo[a]pyrene in sand slurries was lower compared to soil slurries (19% in sand slurries vs. 32% in soil slurries within 50 days). 相似文献
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Karsten E. Braun Burkhard Schmidt 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(2):122-130
The fate of 14C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb was studied in an agricultural soil and in a sediment-water system, the sediment part of which was derived from Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Time-course studies were performed for 28 d and 49 d, respectively. Main transformation routes of 14C-prosulfocarb were mineralization to 14CO2 and formation of nonextractable residues amounting to 12.13% and 10.43%, respectively, after 28 days (soil), and 9.40% and 11.98%, respectively, after 49 d (sediment-water system). Traces of prosulfocarbsulfoxide were detected by means of TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS; other transformation products were not found. Initial extraction of soil assays using 0.01 M CaCl2 solution showed that the bioavailability of the herbicide was considerably low; immediately after application (0.1 d of incubation), only 4.78% of applied radioactivity were detected in this aqueous fraction. DT50 values of 14C-prosulfocarb estimated from radio-TLC and -HPLC analyses were above 28 d in soil and ranged between 29 d and 49 d in the sediment-water system. Partitioning of 14C from water to sediment phase occurred with DT50 slightly above 2 d. With regard to the sediment-water system, adsorption occurred with log Koc = 1.38 (calculated from 2 day assays) and 2.35 (49 d assays). As similarly estimated from portions of 14C found in CaCl2 extracts of the 0.1 d assays, 14C-prosulfocarb's log Koc in soil was 2.96. With both experiments, similar portions of nonextractable radioactivity were associated with all soil organic matter fractions, i.e. nonhumics, fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin/minerals. Throughout all sample preparation, the experiments were severely impaired by losses of radioactivity especially with concentration of samples containing water in vacuo. All findings pointed to volatility of parent prosulfocarb in presence of water rather than volatility of transformation products. According to literature data, this behavior of prosulfocarb was not expected, though volatility was demonstrated under field conditions. 相似文献
34.
Junge T Meyer KC Ciecielski K Adams A Schaffer A Schmidt B 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2011,46(2):137-149
Recently, we reported on soil fate of SDZ residues amended with pig manure treated with 1?C-labeled sulfadiazine 1?C-SDZ). The first objective of the present study was to determine whether this strategy can be substituted by application of 1?C-SDZ to soil. The second objective was to characterize non-extractable SDZ residues by fractionation, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solid state 13C-NMR. The fate of 1?C-SDZ was examined for 28 d, using two soils with and without amendment of pig manure. Mineralization of 1?C-SDZ was low; extractable residues decreased to 7-30%. Compared to the previous study, results were similar. 1?C-SDZ derived bound radioactivity was found in HCl-washings, fulvic, humic acids and humin. According to SEC, one bound 1?C portion (70%) co-eluted with fulvic acids (above 910 g mol?1); the other consisted of adsorbed/entrapped 1?C-SDZ. The 13C-SDZ study was performed for 30 d; humic acids were examined by 13C-NMR. A signal (100-150 ppm) was referred to 13C-SDZ. SEC and 13C-NMR demonstrated rapid integration of SDZ into humics. 相似文献
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Annette Fliedner Heinz Rüdel Burkhard Knopf Karlheinz Weinfurtner Martin Paulus Mathias Ricking Jan Koschorreck 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(8):5521-5536
Cadmium, lead, mercury, copper, nickel, zinc, and arsenic were analyzed in suspended particulate matter (SPM), zebra mussels, and bream sampled yearly under the program of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) in the rivers Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Saar, Mulde, and Saale and in Lake Belau. Temporal and spatial trends were analyzed, correlations between metal levels in different specimen types assessed, and sampling sites ranked according to their metal levels by calculating a Multi-Metal Index (MMI) for every specimen type and site. SPM: Highest metal loads were detected in Mulde, Saale, and Elbe right downstream of the Saale confluence. In the Elbe, metal loads in SPM were mostly highest in the upper and middle section of the river while in Rhine and Saar concentrations increased downstream. Temporal trends since 2005 were detected only at three sites. Zebra mussel: MMIs were highest in the tidal section of the Elbe and the lower Rhine and lowest in Lake Belau and the upper Danube. Different temporal trends were detected since the early 1990s depending on site and metal. Bream: As, Pb, Cu, and Hg were analyzed in muscle tissue and Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in liver. For both tissues, MMIs were highest in Mulde and Saale and the lower and middle Elbe. Since the early 1990s, Hg, Pb, and Cu decreased in bream muscle at many sites while As increased at 6 of the 17 sites. The findings indicate that Hg, Pb, and Cu have obviously decreased in many freshwater ecosystems in recent years, whereas As and Ni levels have increased at several sites. Metal levels and temporal trends mostly differed between the specimen types under investigation and only few correlations between specimen types were detected. This underlines the importance of including different components of an ecosystem when assessing its environmental quality. 相似文献
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Burkhard Wilske Mo Bai Beate Lindenstruth Martin Bach Zahra Rezaie Hans-Georg Frede Lutz Breuer 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(16):9453-9460
Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) are used, inter alia, as soil amendment to increase the water holding capacity of soils. Biodegradability of soil conditioners has become a desired key characteristic to protect soil and groundwater resources. The present study characterized the biodegradability of one acrylate based SAP in four agricultural soils and at three temperatures. Mineralisation was measured as the 13CO2 efflux from 13C-labelled SAP in soil incubations. The SAP was either single-labelled in the carboxyl C-atom or triple-labelled including additionally the two C-atoms interlinked in the SAP backbone. The dual labelling allowed estimating the degradation of the polyacrylate main chain. The 13CO2 efflux from samples was measured using an automated system including wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Based on single-labelled SAP, the mean degradation after 24 weeks varied between 0.45 % in loamy sand and 0.82 % in loam. However, the differences between degradation rates in different soils were not significant due to a large intra-replicate variability. Similarly, mean degradation did not differ significantly between effective temperature regimes of 20° and 30 °C after 12 weeks. Results from the triple-labelled SAP were lower as compared to their single-labelled variant. Detailed results suggest that the polyacrylate main chain degraded in the soils, if at all, at rates of 0.12–0.24 % per 6 months. 相似文献
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Schmidt B Ebert J Lamshöft M Thiede B Schumacher-Buffel R Ji R Corvini PF Schäffer A 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(1):8-20
The fate of (14)C-labeled sulfadiazine ((14)C-SDZ) residues was studied in time-course experiments for 218 days of incubation using two soils (A(p) horizon of loamy sand, orthic luvisol; A(p) horizon of silt loam, cambisol) amended with fresh and aged (6 months) (14)C-manure [40 g kg(-1) of soil; 6.36 mg of sulfadiazine (SDZ) equivalents per kg of soil], which was derived from two shoats treated with (14)C-SDZ. Mineralization of (14)C-SDZ residues was below 2% after 218 days depending little on soil type. Portions of extractable (14)C (ethanol-water, 9:1, v/v) decreased with time to 4-13% after 218 days of incubation with fresh and aged (14)C-manure and both soils. Non-extractable residues were the main route of the fate of the (14)C-SDZ residues (above 90% of total recovered (14)C after 218 days). These residues were high immediately after amendment depending on soil type and aging of the (14)C-manure, and were stable and not remobilized throughout 218 days of incubation. Bioavailable portions (extraction using CaCl(2) solution) also decreased with increasing incubation period (5-7% after 218 days). Due to thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 500 microg of (14)C-SDZ per kg soil were found in the ethanol-water extracts immediately after amendment with fresh (14)C-manure, and about 50 microg kg(-1) after 218 days. Bioavailable (14)C-SDZ portions present in the CaCl(2) extracts were about 350 microg kg(-1) with amendment. Higher concentrations were initially detected with aged (14)C-manure (ethanol-water extracts: 1,920 microg kg(-1); CaCl(2) extracts: 1,020 microg kg(-1)), probably due to release of (14)C-SDZ from bound forms during storage. Consistent results were obtained by extraction of the (14)C-manure-soil samples with ethyl acetate; portions of N-acetylated SDZ were additionally determined. All soluble (14)C-SDZ residues contained in (14)C-manure contributed to the formation of non-extractable residues; a tendency for persistence or accumulation was not observed. SDZ's non-extractable soil residues were associated with the soluble HCl, fulvic acids and humic acids fractions, and the insoluble humin fraction. The majority of the non-extractable residues appeared to be due to stable covalent binding to soil organic matter. 相似文献
38.
Katherine L. Meierdiercks James A. Smith Mary Lynn Baeck Andrew J. Miller 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(6):1221-1237
Meierdiercks, Katherine L., James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Andrew J. Miller, 2010. Heterogeneity of Hydrologic Response in Urban Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1221–1237. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00487.x Abstract: The changing patterns of streamflow associated with urbanization are examined through analyses of discharge and rainfall records for the study watersheds of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES). Analyses utilize a decade (1999-2008) of observations from a dense U.S. Geological Survey stream gaging network and Hydro-NEXRAD radar rainfall fields. The principal study watershed of the BES is Gwynns Falls (171 km2). Focus is given to two Gwynns Falls basins with contrasting patterns and histories of development, Dead Run and Upper Gwynns Falls. The sharp contrasts in streamflow properties between the basins reflect the differences in urban development prior to implementation of stormwater management regulations (much of Dead Run) and development for which stormwater management is an integral part of the hydrologic system (Upper Gwynns Falls). The mean annual runoff in Dead Run (558 mm) is 35% larger than that of Upper Gwynns Falls; larger contrasts in runoff properties typify the “warm season” and are linked to storm event hydrologic response. Spatial heterogeneities in storm event response are reflected in seasonal and diurnal properties of streamflow. Analyses of storm event response are presented for June 2006, during which monthly rainfall over the BES region ranged from less than 150 to more than 500 mm. Baisman Run, the BES forest reference watershed, and Moores Run, a highly urbanized watershed in Baltimore City, provide “end-member” representations of urban impacts on streamflow. 相似文献
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Ecosystems are dynamic complexes. These dynamics can be described by different ecophysiological parameters and systems theoretical concepts like succession, thermodynamics, information/network theory, resilience, adaptability and the orientor concept. In this paper, different indicators and concepts are linked to Holling's adaptive cycle metaphor in order to derive hypotheses on potential system trajectories. The hypotheses focus on an exemplary temperate forest ecosystem experiencing the adaptive cycle's four phases of exploitation, conservation, collapse and reorganization after an initializing fire event. The different properties are correlated to the number of total system connections and show varying trajectories. Additionally, the provision of selected forest ecosystem services during the different phases is hypothesized and compared to three other land use types. 相似文献
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