土壤元素背景值的研究——以南方某区域为例

依据南方某区域农业地质与生态地球化学调查取得的区域地球化学资料,按照不同土壤类型求取了研究区的土壤元素背景值,并分别与该区域所在省和全国平均水平进行横向和纵向比较,进而对研究区土壤中各元素及指标的丰缺状况进行分析,从而对现有土壤利用状况作出评价,为该地区土壤污染评价和治理修复提供了重要的地球化学依据,也为农业环境的规划和相应标准的制定提供了基础资料.     

安徽省南陵县朱家冲铜矿成矿特征和找矿预测

本文介绍了朱家冲矿区地质背景和成矿地质、地球物理特征,根据现有地质物探资料,并与铜陵地区对比,对朱家冲地区成矿条件、赋矿层位、找矿空间及靶区进行了分析,预测朱家冲地区层控矽卡岩型铜矿找矿具有一定潜力.     

4种浮床栽培植物生长特性及吸收氮磷能力的比较

选取美人蕉、风车草、菖蒲和香根草4种常见的浮床植物为研究对象,对其生长特性及吸收氮磷的能力进行比较研究.结果显示,4种植物的成活率均在90%以上,移栽后60-100d为植物的快速生长期.经过4个月的生长.4种植物水面上部生物量均明显高于下部;除香根草外,其它3种植物体内的氮磷含量均呈叶>根>茎的分布;植物体内的氮、磷累积量大小依次为美人蕉>风车草>菖蒲>香根草.植物吸收占浮床系统氮去除的比例均低于40%,占浮床系统磷去除的比例均高于55%.4种植物中,美人蕉对水体中氮磷的吸收能力最强,可以将其作为三峡库区次级河流的浮床栽培植物进行推广.     

铜、铅在车前草中的亚细胞分配

通过盆栽试验研究了四川荥经县宝贝凼(BBD)和泸县(LX)车前草在铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)单元素污染处理下叶片中Cu和Pb的亚细胞分布特征.结果表明,BBD车前草生物量和富集Cu、Pb的能力均明显高于LX.不同处理下,BBD车前草各亚细胞组分中Cu和Pb含量变化特征为细胞器最高,细胞壁次之,胞液最低;;LX车前草各亚细胞组分中Cu和Pb含量变化特征为细胞壁最高,细胞器次之,胞液最低.BBD和LX车前草亚细胞各组分Pb含量均高于Cu.细胞器是细胞最重要的光合作用和呼吸作用的场所,结合Cu、Pb的能力较强,细胞壁对进入植物体内的Cu和Pb有极强的束缚作用,这可能是车前草能够解毒的重要原因.     

Seasonal variation of Microcystis in Lake Taihu and its relationships with environmental factors

In order to monitor the changes of Microcystis along with temporal and spatial variations, seasonal variation of Microcystis in Lake Taihu was investigated by 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (16S-23S rRNA-ITS DGGE) and microscopic evaluation. Samples were collected quarterly at four sites (River Mouth, Meiliang Bay, Cross Area, and Lake Center) from August 2006 to April 2007. Results showed that Microcystis dominated total phytoplankton abundance at the four sites in all seasons except winter. The average annual abundance of Microcystis was relatively high at River Mouth and Meiliang Bay, reaching 81.22×106 and 61.32×106 cells/L, respectively. For temporal variations, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') according to DGGE profile revealed the richness of Microcystis in summer (H'=1.375±0.034) and winter (H'=1.650±0.032) was lower than that in spring (H'=2.078±0.031) and autumn (H'=2.365±0.032) (P<0.05). While for spatial variations, the richness of Microcystis at River Mouth (H'=2.015±0.074) was higher than at other sites during four seasons (P<0.01). Very few differences of Microcystis diversity in the same season were observed among the other three sites (P>0.05). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed to elucidate the relationships between Microcystis operational taxonomic units (OTUs) composition and the environmental factors. Results of CCA revealed that temperature was strongly positively correlated with the first axis (r=0.963), while TSS was negative correlated with the second axis (r=-0.716). Phylogenetic tree based on the sequencing results of target bands on DGGE gel indicated that samples collected in summer and winter constituted two separated clusters.     

Simultaneous oxidation of NO, SO2 and Hg0 from flue gas by pulsed corona discharge

A process capable of oxidizing NO, SO2 and Hg0 was proposed simultaneously, which utilized a high-voltage and short-duration positive pulsed corona discharge. By focusing on NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies, the influences of pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, initial concentration, electrode number, residence time and water vapor addition were investigated. The results indicate that NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies depend primarily on the radicals (OH, HO2, O) and the active species (O3, H2O2), etc. produced by the pulsed corona discharge. The NO, SO2 and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies improved as increasing pulse peak voltage, pulse frequency, electrode number and residence time, while they are reduced with an increasing initial concentration. By adding water vapor, SO2 oxidation efficiency is improved remarkably, while NO oxidation efficiency is decreased slightly. In our experiments, the simultaneous NO, SO2, and Hg0 oxidation efficiencies reached to 40%, 98% and 55% with the initial concentrations 479 mg/m3, 1040 mg/m3, and 15.0 ug/m3, respectively.     

微宇宙系统中氯苯的生物强化处理

将分离出的一株降解氯苯的高效土著菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus和自然材料组成微宇宙系统,通过改变系统组成、重金属和营养物添加水平、悬浮物浓度以及温度,研究了系统中氯苯的去除机制.结果表明,微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除主要是加入菌株的降解作用;加入降解菌后,8d内系统中氯苯的去除率可达到98.3%.底泥和光照对微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除具有明显的促进作用(p0.05).悬浮物在实验前期对氯苯的去除产生明显的促进作用.微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除率随着温度的升高而增加,30.0℃条件下培养7d后,氯苯的去除率可达95.4%;10.0℃和15.0℃下培养14d后,氯苯的去除率分别为43.4%和68.5%.营养盐加入比例达1.0%时,可明显促进氯苯的去除.Cd2+和Hg2+浓度达到10.0mg·L-1时,可对系统中氯苯的去除率产生显著(p0.05、p0.01)降低作用.研究结果可为突发性事故造成的氯苯污染水体的微生物修复提供基本的理论和实践依据.     

某污水处理厂中17α-乙炔基雌二醇降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

由北京某污水处理厂活性污泥中分离出以17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)为唯一碳源生长的单一菌株,经16SrRNA基因序列分析鉴定为香茅醇假单胞菌(Pseudomonas citronellolis),命名为SS-2菌株.研究表明,SS-2菌株在7d内对初始浓度为4mg·L-1EE2的降解率为93.6%,对初始浓度为2mg·L-1雌酮(E1)、或17β-雌二醇(E2)的降解率为99%,对雌三醇(E3)没有降解能力.SS-2菌株降解雌激素的反应符合动力学一级反应定律,其降解速率常数分别为0.236h-1(E1)、0.221h-1(E2)和0.013h-1(EE2).SS-2菌株降解E2的过程中,检测到E1的生成,并且生成的E1亦可被SS-2菌株降解;该降解过程中类雌激素活性随着E2与E1浓度的降低而显著减少,表明SS-2菌株不仅可以降解E2与E1,而且可以降低降解过程中的类雌激素活性;反应进行240h后,仍表现出少量类雌激素活性,推测是因残留的E2或E1所致,表明尚且未知的中间产物或生成物的类雌激素活性远低于E2与E1.     

真菌对污染旱地红壤中苯并[a]芘共代谢降解研究

在恒温和恒定转速培养条件下,模拟生物泥浆反应器法,选择从石油污染土壤中分离出来的青霉菌、黑曲霉、白腐真菌等3种真菌,在添加不同浓度菲和邻苯二甲酸作为共存底物情况下,研究其对旱地红壤中苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)的共代谢降解.结果表明,未灭菌土壤对B[a]P有降解能力,当土壤中添加菲时,提高了B[a]P在土壤中的降解率,100 mg.kg-1浓度菲处理的降解率显著高于200 mg.kg-1浓度菲处理,邻苯二甲酸对B[a]P降解影响不大.灭菌土壤中B[a]P几乎没有降解,添加共代谢底物后土壤中B[a]P降解率变化不明显.添加菲及邻苯二甲酸均促进了青霉菌对B[a]P的降解,提高其降解率,其中添加菲的效果更明显.与灭菌土壤相比,接种黑曲霉提高了B[a]P的降解率,但是添加菲与邻苯二甲酸却均抑制了黑曲霉菌对B[a]P的降解.白腐真菌对旱地红壤中B[a]P的降解能力较差,但当菲或邻苯二甲酸存在时能显著提高白腐真菌对B[a]P的降解,且菲比邻苯二甲酸效果好.     

改性小麦秸秆去除赤潮异弯藻的实验研究

研究了改性小麦秸秆对赤潮异弯藻的去除作用和机制.结果表明,在与未改性秸秆相同用量(0.10 g/L)的情况下,在120 m in时,改性秸秆对赤潮异弯藻的去除率可以从10%左右提高到80%以上.为了探讨改性秸秆对赤潮异弯藻的去除机制,测定了核苷酸在260 nm时的吸光度,结果发现水体内核苷酸物质浓度增大,说明在此作用过程中,藻细胞膜结构遭到破坏,核苷酸物质由胞内释放.当改性秸秆用量为0.15 g/L时,释放核苷酸在260nm时吸光度与正常细胞的吸光度比值为1.17,此时改性秸秆对赤潮异弯藻造成的损害是不可逆的.实验发现,改性秸秆对赤潮异弯藻同时具有吸附作用和灭杀作用.当浓度较低时,改性秸秆通过吸附细胞体,或者与细胞膜结合,从而导致部分藻细胞的絮凝;而当浓度进一步增加时,改性秸秆可以破坏细胞膜的结构,导致大量膜内物质的释放,进而导致藻细胞的死亡.