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271.
Mirnader Ghazali Edward McBean Hua Shen William Anderson Paul‐André Dastous 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2010,20(4):119-132
Soil contaminated with persistent pesticides, such as DDT, poses a serious risk to humans and to wildlife. A surfactant‐aided soil‐washing technique was studied as an alternative method for remediation of DDT‐contaminated soil. An ex situ soil washing method was investigated using nonionic and anionic surfactants due to the clayey structure of the contaminated soil. A mixture of 1 percent nonionic surfactant (Brij 35) and 1 percent anionic surfactant (SDBS) removed more than 50 percent of DDT from soil in a flow‐through system, whereas individual surfactants or other combinations of the surfactants had a lower removal efficiency. The soil‐washing technique was improved using a mixing system. The mixture of surfactants was optimized in the mixing system, and the combination of 2 percent Brij 35 and 0.1 percent SDBS was found to be optimum, removing 70 to 80 percent of DDT. Prewashing of the soil with tap water decreased the adsorption of surfactants to soil particles by 30 to 40 percent, and postwashing recovered 90 percent of the surfactants. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
272.
Research on work aggression or anger has typically focused on supervisors and co‐workers as the instigators of aggression; however, aggressive customers are also likely and may have unique consequences for the employee. We explore this phenomenon with a sample of 198 call center employees at two work sites. The employees reported that customer verbal aggression occurred 10 times a day, on average, though this varied by race and negative affectivity. Using LISREL, our data indicated that both the frequency and stress appraisal of customer aggression positively related to emotional exhaustion, and this burnout dimension mediated the relationship of stress appraisal with absences. Stress appraisal also influenced employees' emotion regulation strategies with their most recent hostile caller. Employees who felt more threatened by customer aggression used surface acting or vented emotions, while those who were less threatened used deep acting. Job autonomy helped explain who found these events more stressful, and implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
273.
Alvaro Plinio Pureza Ki‐Hoon Lee 《Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management》2020,27(3):1410-1424
This study investigates what drives the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in Brazil. It combines multiaspects of institutional forces and a multilevel analysis into one study to identify patterns of behaviour and leadership rationale. We use interviews to collect data from 16 top Brazilian corporations with good CSR reputations. Building on the institutional logics perspective, the study differentiates four CSR patterns of behaviour and identifies two leadership rationales behind those patterns: the reactionary and reputational self‐oriented rationale and the responsible and collaborative system‐oriented rationale. The “self‐oriented” rationale is linked to leaderships with predominantly egotistic values and short‐term thinking characteristics. Conversely, the “system‐oriented” rationale is linked to leaderships with predominantly altruistic values and long‐term thinking characteristics. These findings provide new insights into the sustainable development debate and help practitioners evaluate the appropriateness of their own CSR practices for the company's strategy and leadership rationale. 相似文献
274.
Susana García Qi Liu M. Mercedes Maroto‐Valer 《Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology》2014,4(4):544-554
A novel experimental set‐up to investigate the sequestration of non‐pure carbon dioxide (CO2) streams in geological formations through mineral trapping is discussed. The system includes a gas manifold system, a gas booster, a fluid reservoir, a high pressure‐high temperature reactor, and auxiliary elements to ensure safe and reliable operation under the high temperatures and pressures required for the experiments. The apparatus described here is inspired by previously reported batch equipment, but has the versatility of co‐injecting gas mixtures. The capacity of the vessel is 600 mL and the system is capable of applying pressures from ambient to 5000 psi (345 bar), and temperatures from ambient to 350 °C under batch continuous stirring conditions. These ranges of pressure and temperature can cover and even exceed the conditions relevant for the majority of subsurface sequestration studies. The interior wetted parts of the vessel are all in Hastelloy C276 (a Ni‐Cr‐Mo alloy) to be resistant to the corrosiveness of gases such as SO2. The system was tested by studying the sequestration of CO2‐SO2 mixtures in ferric (FeIII) iron‐containing sediments, as SO2 has been shown to reduce FeIII to FeII and permanently trap CO2 as the mineral siderite (FeCO3). A series of batch trials were conducted to demonstrate the experimental apparatus design efficacy along with the system´s behavior. The apparatus functioned well during the course of the experiments proving that this set‐up is a useful research tool to investigate the effect of impurities present in the flue gas from fossil fuel combustion in the geological storage of CO2. 相似文献
275.
Detecting and estimating long‐range dependence are important in the analysis of many environmental time series. This article proposes a periodogram roughness (PR) estimator and describes its uses for testing and estimating the dependence structure. Asymptotic critical values are generated for performing the test, and special attention is given to investigating the properties of the PR regarding size and power. The conventional short‐memory models, such as the autoregressive (AR), are shown to be less parsimonious. Forecasting errors of both fractional Gaussian noise (FGN) and fractional autoregressive moving average (FARMA) are investigated by conducting simulation studies. In addition to the PR, maximum likelihood (ML) and semi‐parametric (SP) estimators are used and evaluated. Our results have shown that more accurate forecasted points are obtained when using the fractional forecasting. The methods are illustrated using Swedish wind speed data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
276.
Chang‐Tai Chao 《Environmetrics》2004,15(8):757-775
For the prediction problem in survey sampling under a finite population, n sampling units are selected out of N population units and observed to predict the population quantity of interest. For a correlated spatial population, one can obtain lower prediction mean‐square error with careful sampling arrangement of the sampling sites. For example, a systematic design can be used to select samples for better prediction results. However, it is only effective under certain population covariance structures. For more general cases, the optimal sampling strategies proposed by different authors in the past can be used to select the optimal sample with which the mean‐square error can be minimized. Nevertheless, the computational load can be very intensive, and also the optimization algorithm used is not easy to implement. In addition, the exact population distribution has to be assumed. Two sampling methods, that are based on the eigensystem of the population covariance matrix, are proposed in this article. These sampling methods require fewer population assumptions and the sampling procedures are straightforward. No computationally intensive algorithm is required. Simulation study shows that they can be more efficient than simple random sampling. An example on the utilization of the proposed sampling methods in practice is also presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
277.
Nicholas Nairn‐Birch David Diez Esa Eslami Marc Macias Fauria Edward A. Johnson Frederic Paik Schoenberg 《Environmetrics》2011,22(1):79-85
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index defines the leading mode of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific Ocean. Time series analysis in both the frequency and time domains is applied to 107 years of monthly PDO index values. Simulations of a model fitted to the data are used to estimate p‐values associated with particular events observed in the raw data. The simulations are further used to estimate the distribution of various quantities, such as the length (in years) of a positive phase, or the absolute difference between the longest positive and negative phase (in years). The results show that the probability of occurrence of a negative phase surrounded by two positive phases within a 107‐year period is approximately 9.9%. The raw data's mean positive phase length is close to the simulation mean and median, while the absolute difference in maximum positive/negative phase lengths corresponds to a p‐value of 14.9%. The methodology developed in this paper can be useful to ecologists in assessing the potential ecological effects due to PDO variation, and for estimating the probabilities associated with future phases or other events. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
278.
Fernando Vega Aimaro Sanna Benito Navarrete M. Mercedes Maroto‐Valer Vicente J. Corts 《Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology》2014,4(6):707-733
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies have been proposed as a promising alternative to reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuel power plants with post‐combustion capture. Absorption by aqueous amine‐solutions is considered the most mature and industrially developed technology for post‐combustion capture. One of the most significant issues hindering a large deployment of this technology is potential amine degradation. Amines degrade in presence of O2, CO2, NOx, SO2, and heat resulting in solvent loss, equipment corrosion and generation of volatile degradation compounds. Two types of degradation have been identified in the literature, namely oxidative and thermal degradation. A review of the amine‐based solvents, its main degradation products, the apparatus and analytical methods most widely used, as well as the mechanism proposed and kinetic studies are presented and discussed here. Moreover, amines emissions from CO2 capture units can react in the atmosphere via photo‐oxidation and also via NOX reactions to give nitrosamines and nitramines, which are potentially harmful to the human health and the environment. A discussion of the recent works on atmospheric degradation of amine solvents is also included in this review.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
279.
Under the influence of economic growth theories, the idea of sustainable development has been revised to sustainable economic development. As a result, cultural concern has often given way to economic calculation in the course of development. This has been evident in the case of China, where economic construction has destroyed a number of invaluable heritage sites. Development in China, therefore, may not be sustainable, since the major concern of its development policy is focused on sustainable economic development rather than sustainable development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. 相似文献
280.
This paper discusses the environmental assessment approach that has been developed and applied in the SusHouse project (Strategies towards the Sustainable Household). This project aims at developing and evaluating strategies for a sustainable development of households in the future, for three basic household activities: nutrition, shelter and clothing. The environmental assessment approach in the SusHouse project is different from traditional approaches such as life cycle assessment, due to the system‐level character and due to the focus on future developments. Examples are taken from the clothing research in the Netherlands. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. 相似文献