基于信息熵的灰色模型在地质灾害评价中的应用——以四川青川县为例

地质灾害的发生是由地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌、气象条件和人类工程活动等诸多因素综合作用的结果,依靠知识与监测无法完全认识其复杂的演变机制,是一种典型的"灰色系统"。基于灰色理论的模型在区域地质灾害危险性评价中得到了广泛的应用,但是由于地质灾害的复杂性,这种以模型为核心的评价方法难以抽象或概化出模型所需的条件,因此出现了评价方与评价对象之间的"不兼容"现象。传统的方法是利用人为的主观判断来获取评价模型所需的条件,不可避免地带来评价的随意性与主观性。通过引入信息熵理论,对传统的灰色模型进行修正,建立了基于信息熵的灰色模型,很好地解决了这个问题。以四川青川县为例,对该模型的正确性进行了应用,取得了较好的效果。     

Potential mechanisms of phthalate ester embryotoxicity in the abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta

The effects and associated toxicological mechanisms of five phthalate esters (PAEs) on abalone embryonic development were investigated by exposing the embryos to a range of PAEs concentrations (0.05, 0.2, 2 and 10 μg/mL). The results showed that PAEs could significantly reduce embryo hatchability, increase developmental malformations, and suppress the metamorphosis of abalone larvae. The possible toxicological mechanisms of PAEs to abalone embryos included, affecting the Na⁺-K⁺-pump and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-pump activities, altering the peroxidase (POD) level and the malondialdehyde (MDA) production, damaging the extraembryonic membranes structure, as well as disrupting endocrine-related genes (gpx, cyp3a, and 17β-hsd 12) expression properties. Taken together, this work showed that PAEs adversely affected the embryonic ontogeny of abalone. The abilities of PAEs affecting the osmoregulation, inducing oxidative stress, damaging embryo envelope structure, and causing physiological homeostasis disorder, are likely to be a part of the common mechanisms responsible for their embryonic toxicity.     

7种水生植物去除城市生活污水氮磷效果的研究

在对南方地区水生植物全面了解的基础上,选择凤眼莲、长鬃蓼、美人蕉、短叶茳芏、鸭趾草、空心莲子草和风车草7种南方地区最常见的水生植物作为研究对象,分别从7种水生植物对城市生活污水中NH3-N、TN和TP等污染的净化效果进行研究,结果表明,7种植物对生活污水中的NH3-N、TN和TP等污染成分都有一定的去除效果,其中凤眼莲...     

催化型微粒捕集器的再生与压降数值研究

采用新的再生机理对催化型微粒捕集器（CPF）深床捕集微粒的氧化再生过程进行了建模,并将微粒捕集器中的压降分成5个部分分别计算,对其压降特性进行了数值研究。结果表明,新模型对深床捕集微粒的氧化再生计算与实验值吻合良好,比原模型更能反映微粒沉积的实际过程,深床捕集微粒的压降计算值也更精确。在排气流量大、温度高的工况下,深床捕集微粒的压降先迅速增大再减小的现象明显。研究结果能为工程应用提供验证手段,为CPF的优化设计提供依据。     

利用磷化渣配制复合磷化液

采用固体废物磷化渣配制成复合磷化液,并用所配制的复合磷化液对A3钢试件进行磷化处理,形成磷化膜。通过正交实验确定了配制复合磷化液的较佳配方为：磷化液基础液加入量0．2L／L、氧化锌加入量5g／L、碳酸钠加入量6g／L、硝酸加入量12．5mL／L、浓磷酸加入量2．5mL／L、硫酸铜加入量0．3g／L。复合磷化液为浅绿色透明溶液,pH为4．0,总酸度为40,游离酸度为10,磷化温度为65℃,磷化时间为300～600s。所形成的磷化膜厚度为16．0μm,单位质量为26．875g／m^2,粗糙度为1．425μm,维氏硬度为124．27kgf／mm^2。磷化膜硫酸铜点滴时间为35s,耐盐水时间为8h,耐盐雾时间为4h,其物理性质和耐蚀性能均较佳。     

L-精氨酸溶剂化合成金属有机骨架化合物及其吸附CO2的性能

采用L-精氨酸对传统均苯三甲酸（BTC）溶剂热法合成的Cu基金属有机骨架化合物（Cu-BTC）进行改性,得到新型化合物（Cu-BTC-Arg）,并通过固定床动态吸附实验考察了Cu-BTC-Arg和Cu-BTC吸附CO2的性能。表征结果显示：L-精氨酸只是辅助化溶剂,并未配位至Cu2+上;Cu-BTC-Arg比Cu-BTC具有更小的晶粒尺寸、更大的比表面积和微孔体积。实验结果表明,两种不同L-精氨酸加入量合成的Cu-BTC-Arg均在室温、烟气中无水蒸气、烟气流量80 mL/min的条件下CO2吸附量最大,吸附接近饱和时的CO2吸附量均为4.9 mmol/g,远高于Cu-BTC的CO2吸附量。Cu-BTC-Arg对CO2的吸附以物理吸附为主。     

Spatiotemporal distribution and the characteristics of the air temperature of a river source region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

As the backland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the river source region is highly sensitive to changes in global climate. Air temperature estimation using remote sensing satellite provides a new way of conducting studies in the field of climate change study. A geographically weighted regression model was applied to estimate synchronic air temperature from 2001 to 2015 using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometry (MODIS) data. The results were R²?=?0.913 and RMSE?=?2.47 °C, which confirmed the feasibility of the estimation. The spatial distribution and variation characteristics of the average annual and seasonal air temperature were analyzed. The findings are as follows: (1) the distribution of average annual air temperature has significant terrain characteristics. The reduction in average annual air temperature along the elevation of the region is 0.19 °C/km, whereas the reduction in the average annual air temperature along the latitude is 0.04 °C/degree. (2) The average annual air temperature increase in the region is 0.37 °C/decade. The average air temperature increase could be arranged in the following decreasing order: Yangtze River Basin > Mekong River Basin > Nujiang River Basin > Yarlung Zangbo River Basin > Yellow River Basin. The fastest, namely, Yangtze River Basin, is 0.47 °C/decade. (3) The average air temperature rise in spring, summer, and winter generally increases with higher altitude. The average annual air temperature in different types of lands following a decreasing order is as follows: wetland > construction land > bare land glacier > shrub grassland > arable land > forest land > water body and that of the fastest one, wetland, is 0.13 °C/year.     

双齿围沙蚕对芘的生物可利用性研究

为近海岸沉积质中PAHs的生态风险评价及其污染生境的修复提供理论依据,以双齿围沙蚕为研究对象,以芘为暴露污染物,开展双齿围沙蚕对芘的生物可利用性研究,分别考察了芘对双齿围沙蚕抗氧化酶活性的影响以及芘在双齿围沙蚕体内的生物富集特征。结果表明,双齿围沙蚕SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性均随诱导时间的增加而升高,且SOD活性随芘浓度的增加出现显著性抑制,CAT和GSH-PX活性则随芘浓度的增加出现显著性升高。芘在双齿围沙蚕体内的生物富集特征如下:双齿围沙蚕体内芘的蓄积量随暴露浓度的增加而增加,各处理组双齿围沙蚕体内芘的蓄积量随时间的变化均呈类凸形的二次曲线关系,在第10天达到蓄积的最大值,最大蓄积量依次为(6.18±0.62)mg·kg~(-1)、(12.37±1.23)mg·kg~(-1)和(24.76±1.51)mg·kg~(-1)。生物富集系数BCF随芘浓度的增加而减小,分别为0.0692、0.0684和0.0674。上述研究结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,双齿围沙蚕抗氧化酶活性对芘的暴露具有很好的指示作用;此外,在短期内,双齿围沙蚕对芘具有明显的富集效应。     

Impacts of Human Behavioral Heterogeneity on the Benefits of Probabilistic Flood Warnings: An Agent‐Based Modeling Framework

Flood forecasts and warnings are intended to reduce flood‐related property damages and loss of human life. Considerable research has improved flood forecasting accuracy (e.g., more accurate prediction of the occurrence of flood events) and lead time. However, the delivery of improved forecast information alone is not necessarily sufficient to reduce flood damage and loss of life, as people have varying responses and reactions to flood warnings. This study develops an agent‐based modeling framework that evaluates the impacts of heterogeneity in human behaviors (i.e., variation in behaviors in response to flood warnings), as well as residential density, on the benefits of flood warnings. The framework is coupled with a traffic model to simulate evacuation processes within a road network under various flood warning scenarios. The results show the marginal benefit associated with providing better flood warnings is significantly constrained if people behave in a more risk‐tolerant manner, especially in high‐density residential areas. The results also show significant impacts of human behavioral heterogeneity on the benefits of flood warnings, and thus stress the importance of considering human behavioral heterogeneity in simulating flood warning‐response systems. Further study is suggested to more accurately model human responses and behavioral heterogeneity, as well as to include more attributes of residential areas to estimate and improve the benefits of flood warnings.