A comparative study in treating two VOC mixtures in trickle bed air biofilters

Two independent parallel trickling bed air biofilters (TBABs) ("A" and "B") with two different typical VOC mixtures were investigated. Toluene, styrene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) were the target VOCs in the mixtures. Biofilter "A" was fed equal molar ratio of the VOCs and biofilter "B" was fed a mixture based on EPA 2003 emission report. Backwashing and substrate starvation operation were conducted as biomass control. Biofilter "A" and "B" maintained 99% overall removal efficiency for influent concentration up to 500 and 300 ppmv under backwashing operating condition, respectively. The starvation study indicated that it can be an effective biomass control for influent concentrations up to 250 ppmv for biofilter "A" and 300 ppmv for "B". Re-acclimation of biofilter performance was delayed with increase of influent concentration for both biofilters. Starvation operation helped the biofilter to recover at low concentrations and delayed re-acclimation at high concentrations. Furthermore, re-acclamation for biofilter "B" was delayed due to its high toluene content as compared to biofilter "A". The pseudo first-order removal rate constant decreased with increase of volumetric loading rate for both biofilters. MEK and MIBK were completely removed in the upper 3/8 media depth. While biofilter depth utilization for the removal of styrene and toluene increased with increase of influent concentrations for both biofilters. However, toluene removal utilized more biofilter depth for biofilter "B" as compared to biofilter "A".     

组合工艺处理猪场废水中试实验研究

采用改良UASB-MAP氮磷回收-动态膜好氧-水平潜流人工湿地组合工艺对某猪场废水进行了中试实验研究,重点研究了改进UASB和MAP工艺启动条件参数,并考察了组合工艺稳定运行条件下对猪场废水的COD、N和P等污染物的去除效果。结果表明,该集成工艺启动速度快,污染物去除效果稳定(COD、氨氮和TP的去除率分别为99%、90%和97%)。中试实验结果可为进一步的工程推广应用奠定基础。     

南方某市饮用水源三氯乙醛生成特性

以我国南方某市饮用水源为研究对象,分析了不同反应条件下的三氯乙醛 (CH) 生成情况、CH与常规消毒副产物 (DBPs) 的相关关系及水质指标与CH生成势(CHFP)的相关关系.结果表明,5~35℃温度范围内,CH生成量随着温度的升高而逐渐升高,45℃时,反应约30 h后CH降解速率大于生成速率,生成量逐渐减少;CH生成量随着pH的升高而逐渐降低,当pH = 11时,CH已经完全降解;Cl2:TOC=1:1~4:1(质量比)时,CH的生成量随着加氯量的增加而增加,但是当Cl2:TOC>4:1时,CH的生成量基本保持不变.CH与两类常规DBPs(三卤甲烷 (THMs) 和卤乙酸 (HAAs))之间均为正相关关系,且CH与卤乙酸(HAAs)的相关关系更为显著.与UV254和SUVA254相比,CHFP与TOC线性关系更为显著,可以根据原水的TOC来简单预测水体中的CHFP.     

On the forming mechanism of the cleaning airflow of pulse-jet fabric filters

To reveal the formation mechanism of a pulse-jet airflow’s cleaning effect in a filter bag, a theoretical model is built by using the theory of the gas jet and unitary adiabatic flow according to given specifications and dimensions of the bags and resistance characteristics of the cloth and dust layer. It is about the relationship between cleaning system structure and operating parameters. The model follows the principle that the flow and kinetic energy of jet flow injected into a filter bag should be consistent with the flow of cleaning airflow in the bag and the pressure drop flowing through the filter cloth and dust layer. The purpose of the model is to achieve the peak pressure of cleaning airflow, which dominates the effect of the pulse-jet cleaning process. The cleaning system structure includes air pressure in the nozzle, structure and size of nozzle, exit velocity of nozzle, jet distance, and diameter of jet cross section. Based on the condition of the cleaning system structure and operating parameters established by using the theoretical model, Fluent software is applied to carry out a numerical simulation of the jet airflow field at the nozzle’s outlet, jet airflow field between nozzle and bag top, and cleaning airflow field in the filter bag. Experimental results are used to verify the reliability of the theoretical model. They are obtained in a pilot-scale test filter with a single bag, with length 2 m and in general full-scale dimensions of the cleaning system. The results show that when any rectification measure is not installed at the bag opening, the cross-sectional area covered by the jet gas is hardly sufficient to cover the entire area of the bag opening. A large portion of the gases injected into the filter bag will overflow reversely upward from the edge due to pressure differences between the upper area and lower area inside the bag opening. This led to a serious shortage of the cleaning airflow and ar limited increase in static pressure. When a venturi-type rectifier tube is installed at the bag opening, the jet flow is converted to funnel flow for which the cross-section velocity distribution is more uniform at the throat of the rectifier tube due to the guided effects of the upper tapered pipe. Then it is transited to stressful flow below the bag opening via rectified effects of the lower dilated pipe. The results show that the gap between the static pressure of gas in the bag and the expected value is significantly reduced. The theoretical value of the nozzle diameter is enlarged to compensate for two aspects of adverse effects of cleaning airflow and energy. This is because the flow is not a purely free-form jet from the nozzle to the entrance of the rectifier tube and because the gas suffers from local resistance while flowing through the rectifier tube. The numerical simulation and experiment show that the peak pressure of cleaning airflow in the filter bag is able to reach the expected value. The results confirm that the mechanism of the pulse-jet cleaning airflow and the calculation method of the pulse-jet cleaning system structure and operating parameters offered in this study are correct. The study results provide a scientific basis for designing the system of pulse-jet fabric filters.

Implications: Pulse-jet cleaned fabric filters are commonly used for air pollution control in many industries. Pulse-jet cleaning is widely used for this purpose as it enables frequent cleaning while the filter is operating. However, the theoretical system of the forming mechanism of the pulse-jet cleaning has not formed so far. This indicates the theoretical model plays an important role in designing effective pulse-jet cleaned fabric filters.     

混凝气浮-过滤法处理油田超稠油废水

辽河油田某配液站超稠油废水为成分十分复杂的有机混合物,对其采用混凝气浮-过滤工艺进行处理,同时改进压力溶气罐、释放器、气浮机和压力过滤器等设备,并对加药位置进行了优化选择,使该废水的处理取得了理想的效果,出水含油和SS均低于10 mg/L.     

Isolation and characterization of two novel psychrotrophic decabromodiphenyl ether-degrading bacteria from river sediments

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a brominated flame retardant and a priority contaminant. Currently, little information is available about its significance in the environment, specifically about its susceptibility to aerobic biotransformation at low temperature. In this work, five phylogenetically diverse BDE-209-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from river sediments of northern China. These strains were distributed among four different genera—Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Staphylococcus. All five isolates were capable of growing on BDE-209, among which two isolates show better growth. By detailed morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the two strains were identified and named as Staphylococcus haemolyticus LY1 and Bacillus pumilus LY2. The two bacteria can grow in mineral salt medium containing BDE-209 substrate across the temperatures ranging from 2.5 to 35 °C, with an optimum temperature of 25 °C which could be considered as psychrotrophs accordingly. The degradation experiment showed that more than 70.6 and 85.5 % of 0.5 mg/L BDE-209 were degraded and the highest mineralization efficiencies of 29.8 and 39.2 % were achieved for 0.5 mg/L BDE-209 by S. haemolyticus LY1 and B. pumilus LY2, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration for the biodegradation of BDE-209 by two psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from environment.     

Carbon mitigation by the construction industry in China: a perspective of efficiency and costs

Evaluating carbon emission performance of the construction industry is a significant prerequisite for developing regional carbon mitigation plans. Taking environmental and technical heterogeneities into account, this paper employed a meta-frontier method to measure the carbon emission efficiency, carbon mitigation potential, and costs of the construction sector in different regions of China from 2005 to 2016. The empirical results show that substantial disparities in carbon emission efficiency exist in the construction industry. The total carbon mitigation potential of this sector was 206.76 million tons, with the Lower Yellow river area accounting for the largest proportion at 27%. Meanwhile, the carbon mitigation costs of this sector increased from 584.94 to 1273.30 yuan/ton during 2005–2016. The highest mitigation costs occur in the Lower Yangtze River area and the South Coastal area, indicating it was more costly in these areas to conduct additional carbon emissions mitigation. The results could facilitate the policy formulation on regional-oriented carbon emissions mitigation of the construction industry in China.

     

祁彪佳荒政思想探析

祁彪佳的《救荒全书》是一部重要的通论式的荒政著作,这部论著包含了作者大量的荒政思想和主张,体现出了他对灾害救济的态度。他提出了荒政中用人的重要性,认为救灾＂首要得人＂;同时认为＂屯田垦荒、发展农业乃是千古救荒之祖＂;形成了＂仓储备荒＂、＂兴修水利＂、＂御灾召祥＂、＂崇尚节俭＂、＂赈灾勿缓＂等主要的荒政思想。这些思想是祁彪佳实践经验的总结,也是传统荒政思想的升华。     

Waterbird Population Changes in the Wetlands at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze River Estuary,China

We studied the changes in wetland habitats and waterbird communities between the 1980s and the 2000s at Chongming Dongtan, a Ramsar site in the Yangtze River estuary, an ecologically important region. This region is an important stopover site for shorebirds along the East Asian–Australasian flyway and is extensively used by waterfowl. A net loss of 11% of the wetland area was estimated during study periods at Chongming Dongtan. The change was dependent on wetland types: while the area of artificial habitats such as paddy fields and aquacultural ponds more than doubled, more than 65% of natural habitats including sea bulrush (Scirpus mariqueter) and common reed (Phragmites australis) marshes were lost over the two decades. An exotic plant species introduced from North America, smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), occupied 30% of the vegetated intertidal zone by the 2000s. Although waterbird species richness did not change between the 1980s (110) and the 2000s (111), 13 species found in 1980s were replaced by 14 newly recorded species. Moreover, there were more species with declining trends (58) than with increasing trends (19). The population trends of species were affected by residential status and habitat types. Transients, wintering migrants, and habitat specialists were more likely to show declining trends compared to those breeding at Dongtan (including year-round and summer residents) and habitat generalists. Furthermore, species associated mainly with natural wetlands were more likely to decline than those associated mainly with artificial wetlands. These patterns suggest that the loss and change of wetland habitats at Chongming Dongtan adversely affected local population dynamics and might have contributed to the global decline of some waterbird species. Because Chongming Dongtan provides stopover and wintering habitats for many migratory waterbirds, protection and restoration of natural wetlands at Chongming Dongtan are urgently needed.     

关于环保、水利行业地表水水质监测工作的比较研究

立足于现实水利部和生态环境部的水资源水环境管理工作,对比两个部门在水质监测、评价工作中的差异,探讨两个部门在水质监测、水质评价工作中的侧重点,研究结果可为水资源的合理开发利用提供一定的决策基础。