西安国际化大都市生态环境建设研究

生态环境建设是城市可持续健康发展的重要途径,也是建设国际化大都市的内在要求。结合西安市创建国际化大都市的实际情况,阐述了西安市生态城市建设现状和发展中出现的问题、生态建设的优势和制约因素等,建立了国际化大都市城市生态建设指标体系,提出了西安市建成生态城市的相关对策和措施。对西安市生态建设提出了系统的设想,阐明国际化大都市建设对改善人居环境及创建和谐社会的重要意义。     

基于问卷调查的个人生态足迹测算及分析——以厦门大学在读学生为例

文章运用世界自然基金会提供的个人年生态足迹计算软件,通过问卷调查收集资料,测算厦门大学在读学生个人生态足迹,并分析探讨高校在读学生个人生态足迹的组成及影响因素。结果表明,厦门大学在读学生的个人生态足迹介于0.4 gh～1.6 gh之间,平均值为0.83 gh,远低于中国人均生态足迹;在各组成部分中,耕地、水域和碳足迹为主要用地类型,占人均足迹的90%以上;被访者的性别、学科和学历对其个人生态足迹的影响不明显,而个人月可支配收入及其出行方式与个人生态足迹的大小存在明显正相关性,即月可支配收入越高个人足迹越大,选择环保的出行方式则个人生态足迹较小。     

Vegetation dynamics in succession process from Stipa bungeana to Artemisia ordosica in the Ordos Plateau北大核心CSCD

Shrub invasion has a serious effect on the structure and function of grassland ecosystems and understanding vegetation dynamics is of great significance to control shrub invasion and recover shrub invaded grassland. In the Ordos Plateau, we selected representative communities in transition process from Stipa bungeana to Artemisia ordosica. By sampling, cutting, and root-drilling methods, plant coverage, density, biomass, litter, root, and species diversity of different communities were investigated and analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) the succession process had six vegetation types, S. bungeana communities, S. bungeana + Cleistogenes squarrosa communities, S. bungeana + Artemisia ordosica communities, A. ordosica + C. squarrosa communities, A. ordosica + Lespedeza davurica communities, and A. ordosica communities. (2) The community coverage decreased initially, and then increased. Whereas, the total density decreased initially, then increased, and then decreased. The aboveground, underground, and total biomasses, and the dry weight of litter showed an increasing trend. (3) The coverage, density, and biomass of S. bungeana decreased gradually, whereas A. ordosica showed an opposite trend. (4) With the increase in soil depth, the dry weight of root showed a decreasing trend. The roots were mainly distributed in the 0-30 cm soil layer. At VI stage, the root distribution of Artemisia community initially increased, and then decreased, and the root depth reached 80-90 cm. (5) The species richness, Simpson, Shannon-Winner, and Pielou evenness indexes initially increased, and then decreased. In summary, shrub encroachment is severe in the Ordos Plateau. Although the community coverage, biomass, and biodiversity during the moderate shrub encroachment stage were high, the shrub-invaded grassland should be restored to S. bungeana grassland due to the decreased grazing value of grassland after shrub invasion. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Study of the potential of barnyard grass for the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil

In this study, the microwave digestion method was used to determine total cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations, the BCR method was used to determine different states of Cd and Pb, and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used to determine Cd and Pb concentrations in simulated soil and barnyard grass before and after planting barnyard grass to provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil. The results showed that the bioconcentration factor changes with different Cd concentrations are relatively complex and that the removal rate increases regularly. The 100 mg kg^?1 Cd treatment had the highest removal rate, which reached 36.66%. For Pb, the bioconcentration factor decreased and tended to reach equilibrium as the Pb concentration increased. The highest removal rate was 41.72% and occurred in the 500 mg kg^?1 Pb treatment; however, this removal rate was generally lower than that of Cd. In addition, the reduction state had the highest change rate, followed by the residual, acid soluble and oxidation states. For Pb, the residual state has the highest change rate, followed by the acid soluble state, reduction state and oxidation state. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between the soil Pb and Cd concentrations and the concentrations of Pb and Cd that accumulated in the belowground biomass of the barnyard grass, but no significant correlation was observed between the soil Pb and Cd concentrations and the amounts of Pb and Cd that accumulated in the aboveground biomass of the barnyard grass. The highest transfer factor of Cd was 0.49, which occurred in the 5 mg kg^?1 Cd treatment. The higher transfer factor of Pb was 0.48 in the 100 mg kg^?1 Pb treatment. All of these factors indicate that the belowground biomass of barnyard grass plays a more important role in the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils than the aboveground biomass of barnyard grass. Remediation should occur through phytostabilization. Thus, with its strong adaptability and lush growth, barnyard grass can be applied as a pioneer species for the phytoremediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils.     

山西晋中焦化基地多环芳烃排放对周边大田卷心菜的影响

饮食摄入是多环芳烃(PAHs)人体暴露的主要途径之一,探究PAHs污染对农产品安全和人体健康的影响具有重要意义。山西晋中拥有大型焦化企业,也是北方重要的大田蔬菜种植基地,当地PAHs污染的特征和影响具有相当的典型性。研究选取修文工业基地周边的大田蔬菜基地作为研究区域,分别采集大气(含气相和颗粒相)、菜地表土和卷心菜菜心样品,确定各类样品中母体PAHs的浓度水平、组成比例和分布特征。结果表明,蔬菜基地周边大气中母体PAHs的平均浓度为301 ng·m-3。大气母体PAHs主要存在于气相,低环(2~3环)组分占据优势。利用同分异构体特征比值和主成分分析对大气PAHs进行初步源解析,炼焦、燃煤和生物质燃烧、以及交通尾气排放是当地PAHs的主要排放源。菜地表土母体PAHs的中位数浓度为236ng·g-1,范围为130~703 ng·g-1,以中、高环(4~6环)组分为主,菜地表土母体PAHs浓度与土壤总有机碳(TOC)分数呈现显著正相关关系。当地大田种植卷心菜菜心的PAHs中位数浓度为12.9 ng·g-1,范围为0.9~47.6 ng·g-1,低环组分所占比例最大,其组分谱分布与大气相似。偏相关分析显示周边大气PAHs对卷心菜菜心PAHs的传输贡献要大于表土PAHs。     

胡敏酸、富里酸对土壤-地下水系统中BDE-47迁移的影响

多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)是土壤-地下水系统中广泛存在的有机污染物,研究土壤组分对其迁移行为的影响是解决土壤-地下水系统中多溴联苯醚归趋问题的关键。以典型多溴联苯醚同系物2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-47)为研究对象,选取胡敏酸(humic acid,HA)、富里酸(fulvic acid,FA)2种代表性土壤有机组分,配制不同浓度的FA、HA溶液(150 mg·L~(-1)、50 mg·L~(-1)),分别对不同浓度的BDE-47(100μg·g~(-1)、10μg·g~(-1))污染土壤进行土柱淋滤实验,探讨FA、HA对土壤-地下水系统中BDE-47迁移的影响。结果表明,HA作用下,实验组下层土壤中BDE-47的残留比例分别为0.62%和0.40%,分别低于对照组的0.72%和3.36%;FA作用下,实验组下层土壤中BDE-47的残留比例分别为6.40%和6.71%,分别高于对照组的0.72%和3.36%。结合HA和FA的元素组成和结构特征分析可知,疏水性强的HA能够促进BDE-47随水流迁移进入地下水系统;亲水性强的FA促进BDE-47在土壤系统中的分布,阻滞了土壤系统中BDE-47进入地下水系统。本文为评估HA、FA对土壤-地下水系统中BDE-47迁移的影响提供依据。     

化学品足迹:概念、研究进展及挑战

化学品污染被联合国环境规划署列为影响人类生存与发展的全球重大环境问题之一。为实现可持续的化学品管理,需定量评价产品生命周期内由化学品排放造成的生态影响。然而,当前的化学品风险评价指标体系往往指向零碎的危害性或毒性终点,未能综合出整体性指标来定量表征生态系统所承受的损害,亦不能衡量人类活动排放的化学品总量与环境承载容量的相对大小。作为环境足迹一员,化学品足迹继承了"足迹"指标的特点,可定量表征生态系统受化学品影响的程度,并结合生态阈值及环境承载容量,有助于评价人类活动对环境可持续性的影响,有望成为公众、企业、决策者及利益相关者之间相互交流的重要工具。本文概述了化学品足迹的基本概念及其发展历程,介绍了现有的化学品足迹计算方法及其应用于不同空间尺度下的案例研究,讨论了化学品足迹研究中存在的问题与挑战,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

六溴环十二烷暴露对红鳍笛鲷脑乙酰胆碱酯酶和组织氧化应激的影响及评价

六溴环十二烷(C_(12)H_(18)Br_6,简称HBCD)是近年来在环境中广受关注的优先污染物和高产量化学品。实验室条件下以红鳍笛鲷为研究对象,选取其脑组织非特异性生物标志物超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GST)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)及特异性生物标志物乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,ACh E)为指标研究了不同浓度HBCD溶液(8.6μg·L~(-1)、43.0μg·L~(-1)和215μg·L~(-1))暴露96 h对红鳍笛鲷脑组织的氧化损伤和神经毒性效应,同时结合综合生物标志物响应指数(integrated biomarker responses index,IBR),对HBCD造成的胁迫水平和毒性效应进行评价。结果表明:HBCD对红鳍笛鲷脑组织中SOD活性和GST活性表现出不同程度的诱导效应,其中暴露初期SOD活性与HBCD浓度呈正相关,但随暴露时间延长与HBCD浓度呈负相关;HBCD对MDA含量和ACh E活性表现出诱导或抑制且存在剂量依赖性,低浓度组MDA含量表现为先抑制后诱导的过程,ACh E活性表现为先诱导后抑制;中浓度组MDA含量和ACh E均表现为抑制效应;高浓度组MDA含量表现为先诱导后抑制的过程,ACh E活性表现为先抑制后诱导。IBR分析结果表明4种生物标志物对HBCD胁迫的敏感性分别为SODGSTACh EMDA,且中、高浓度组的胁迫效应最明显。     

Spatial analysis for spring bloom and nutrient limitation in Xiangxi bay of three Gorges Reservoir

The spatial and temporal dynamics of physical variables, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll a were investigated in Xiangxi Bay from 23 Feb. to 28 Apr. every six days, including one daily sampling site and one bidaily sampling site. The concentrations of nutrient variables showed ranges of 0.02–3.20 mg/L for dissolved silicate (Si); 0.06–2.40 mg/L for DIN (NH₄N + NO₂N + NO₃N); 0.03–0.56 mg/L for PO₄P and 0.22–193.37 μg/L for chlorophyll a, respectively. The concentration of chlorophyll a and inorganic nutrients were interpolated using GIS techniques. The results indicated that the spring bloom was occurred twice in space during the whole monitoring period (The first one: 26 Feb.–23 Mar.; the second one: 23 Mar.–28 Apr.). The concentration of DIN was always high in the mouth of Xiangxi Bay, and PO₄P was high in the upstream of Xiangxi Bay during the whole bloom period. Si seems no obvious difference in space in the beginning of the spring bloom, but showed high heterogeneity in space and time with the development of spring bloom. By comparing the interpolated maps of chlorophyll a and inorganic variables, obvious consumptions of Si and DIN were found when the bloom status was serious. However, no obvious depletion of PO₄P was found. Spatial regression analysis could explained most variation of Chl-a except at the begin of the first and second bloom. The result indicated that Si was the factor limiting Chl-a in space before achieved the max area of hypertrophic in the first and second bloom period. When Si was obviously exhausted, DIN became the factor limiting the Chl-a in space. Daily and bidaily monitoring of Site A and B, representing for high DIN: PO₄P ratio and low DIN:PO₄P ratio, indicated that the concentration of Si was decreased with times at both site A and B, and the dramatically drop of DIN was found in the end monitoring at site B. Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that Si was the most important factor affect the development of spring bloom both at site A and B in time series.     

大气CO2浓度升高对农田土壤颗粒组成及其碳周转的影响

采集FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)平台下运行3年的水稻(Oryza sativaL.)/小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)轮作土壤(0~15cm耕作层土壤),利用超声波分散-湿筛分法对烘干土样进行颗粒分级,分析土壤各粒级及其碳、氮的分布特征,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳周转的影响。结果表明:高浓度大气CO2条件下稻/麦轮作3年后,土壤颗粒组成较对照发生了改变,>53μm粒级的质量分数减小27%(p<0.05),约占土壤总质量20%;53~25μm粒级的质量分数增大35%(p<0.05),约占土壤总质量25%;<25μm无明显变化,约占土壤总质量55%,三种粒级之间质量分数呈显著差异(p<0.05)。FACE条件下,不同粒级土壤颗粒碳质量分数在两个氮水平下平均为:>53μm(30.60g·kg-1),<25μm(13.08g·kg-1),25~53μm(12.85g·kg-1),氮质量分数分别为2.42g·kg-1,1.33g·kg-1,1.12g·kg-1。>53μm粒级的土壤颗粒碳、氮质量分数均极显著高于其它两个粒级(p<0.001)。FACE条件下土壤总碳、氮质量分数高于对照,增幅分别为6.2%和6.7%。从各粒级土壤颗粒碳、氮质量分数变化分析,新增碳、氮主要进入>53μm粒级中,表明该粒级土壤颗粒对土壤碳氮循环(转化和保存)起着重要作用。该研究结果表明高浓度大气CO2条件下,稻/麦轮作农田土壤将成为大气CO2的汇,这将为预测我国未来农田土壤碳的变化趋势提供科学依据。