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831.
As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission c... 相似文献
832.
In recent years, scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries. In this article, the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector, and the input-output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption. The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained. From the data of international trade, the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994-2001. During this period, the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones. As a country with a surplus in international goods trade, China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years. The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels. 相似文献
833.
Gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs in a satellite town in Eastern China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Meng-xia Xu Jian-hua Yan Sheng-yong Lu Xiao-dong Li Tong Chen Ming-jiang Ni Hui-fen Dai Fei Wang Ke-fa Cen 《Chemosphere》2009,76(11):1540-1549
Gas/particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air was investigated in a satellite town in Eastern China from April 2007 to January 2008 comprehending large temperature variations (from 3 to 34 °C, daily average). Molecular weight, molecular structure and ambient temperatures are the three major factors that govern the gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs throughout the year. Generally, good agreements were obtained (except for winter) between measured particulate fractions and theoretical estimates of both the Junge–Pankow adsorption model and Harner Bidleman absorption model using different sets of subcooled liquid vapor pressure and octanol–air partition coefficient (Koa), respectively. Models utilizing estimates, derived from gas chromatographic retention indices (GC-RIs), are more accurate than that of entropy-based. Moreover, during winter, the Koa-based model using the GC-RIs approach performs better on lower chlorinated PCDD/Fs than that of -based. Furthermore, possible sources of mismatch between measured and predicted values in winter (3–7 °C) were discussed. Gas adsorption artifact was demonstrated to be of minor importance for the phenomena observed. On the other hand, large deviations of slopes (mr) and intercepts (br) in logKp vs. plots from theoretical values are observed in the literature data and these are found to be linearly correlated with ambient temperatures (P<0.001) in this study. This indicates that the non-equilibrium partitioning of PCDD/Fs in winter may be significantly influenced by the colder temperatures that may have slowed down the exchange between gaseous and particulate fractions. 相似文献
834.
The octanol–air partition coefficients (KOA) for PBB15, PBB26, PBB31, PBB49, PBB103 and PBB153 were determined as a function of temperature using a gas chromatographic retention time technique with 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p′-DDT) as a reference substance. The internal energies of phase change from octanol to air (ΔOAU) were calculated for the six compounds and were in the range from 74 to 116 kJ mol−1. Simple regression equations of log KOA versus relative retention times (RRTs) on gas chromatography (GC), and log KOA versus molecular connectivity indexes (MCI) were obtained, for which the correlation coefficients (r2) were greater than 0.985 at 283.15 K and 298.15 K. Thus the KOA values of the remaining PBBs can be predicted by using their RRTs and MCI according to these relationships. 相似文献
835.
Two complementary LC-MS ionization methods, electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), have been optimized to determine three natural estrogenic compounds (estrone, 17beta-estradiol and estriol) and two synthetic estrogenic compounds (17alpha-ethynylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol) in the influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The wastewater samples were first subjected to solid-phase extraction coupled with desalting extraction to remove matrix interference. The analytes were then detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with ESI and dopant-assisted (DA) APPI to evaluate the ion suppression effect and to complement the detection and quantification of estrogenic compounds in complex wastewater samples. The average ion suppression factors for the extracts of the WWTP influent analyzed using ESI and APPI were 52+/-5% and 27+/-7%, respectively. The sensitivity and ionization efficiency of the LC-ESI-MS-MS system decreased dramatically when a complex matrix was present in the WWTP influent sample. Estrogenic compounds could be detected in the WWTP influent and effluent samples at concentrations below the parts-per-billion level. The lower detection limits obtained when using ESI and the higher matrix tolerance of the APPI method allowed the complete quantification of estrogenic compounds in very complex samples in a complementary manner. 相似文献
836.
Qing Xie Jingwen Chen Jianping Shao Changer Chen Hongxia Zhao Ce Hao 《Chemosphere》2009,76(11):1486-1490
Photolysis of deca-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was investigated in tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, isopropanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide. Noticeable differences of the photolytic rates and quantum yields were found in the diverse solvents. Different to the previous deductions, hydrogen donating efficiency and electron donating efficiency of solvents were not the decisive factors for the photolytic rate in this study, which was proved by the fast photolysis of BDE-209 in CCl4, a solvent without hydrogen and difficult to donate electrons. Besides hydrogen addition process, intermolecular polymerization might occur during the photolysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed to understand the molecular properties of BDE-209 in different solvents. The lowest singlet vertical excitation energy (Eex) and the average formal charge on Br () of BDE-209, reflecting the difficulty for the excitation of BDE-209 and for the departing of Br atom, respectively, were changed by the reaction fields formed by the different solvents. Eex and linearly correlated with the photolytic activity (log k). This study is helpful to better understand the photolytic behavior of BDE-209 in different media. 相似文献
837.
The effects of biofilm growth and methane gas generation on water flow in porous media were investigated in an anaerobic two-dimensional sand-filled cell. Inoculation of the lower portion of the cell with a methanogenic culture and addition of methanol to the bottom of the cell led to biomass growth and formation of a gas phase. Biomass distributions in the water and on the sand in the cell were measured by protein analysis. The biofilm distribution on sand was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The formation, migration, distribution and saturation of gases in the cell were visualized by the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The effects of biofilm and gas generation on water flow were separated by performing one tracer test in the presence of both biofilm and a gas phase and a second tracer test after removal of the gas phase through water flushing. The results of tracer tests demonstrated that flow and transport in the two-dimensional cell were significantly affected by both gas generation and biofilm growth. Gas generated at the bottom of the cell in the biologically active zone moved upwards in discrete fingers, so that gas phase saturations (gas-filled fraction of void space) in the biologically active zone at the bottom of the cell did not exceed 40-50%, while gas accumulation at the top of the cell produced gas phase saturations as high as 80%. The greatest reductions in water phase permeability, based on measurements of reductions in water phase saturations, occurred near the top of the box as a result of the gas accumulation. In contrast the greatest reductions in permeability due to biofilm growth, based on measurements of biofilm thickness, occurred in the most biologically active zone at the bottom of the cell, where gas phase saturations were approximately 40-50%, but permeability reductions due to biofilm growth were estimated to be 80-95%. 相似文献
838.
Duohong Chen Xinhui Bi Jinping Zhao Laiguo Chen Jihua Tan Bixian Mai Jiamo Fu Minghung Wong 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(3):1051-1057
Diurnal air samples were collected from the E-waste dismantling region Guiyu and the underwear industry region Chendian. This was the first report to present the diurnal variation of PBDEs in the atmosphere. The average concentrations of 11 PBDE congeners were 11,742 pg m−3 in the daytime, and 4830 pg m−3 at night in Guiyu, while the concentrations were lower in Chendian with 376 pg m−3 in the daytime, and 237 pg m−3 at night. BDE-209 accounted for 22% and 31.3% of the total PBDEs in Guiyu and Chendian, respectively. The diurnal variation trends of BDE-47, -99, -153, -183, and -209 were also analyzed in detail in the two regions. 相似文献
839.
Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on speciation and bioavailability of arsenite 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sun H Zhang X Zhang Z Chen Y Crittenden JC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(4):1165-1170
In this study, the influence of the co-existence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the speciation of arsenite [As(III)] was studied by observing its adsorption and valence changing. Moreover, the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the bioavailability of As(III) was examined by bioaccumulation test using carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that TiO2 nanoparticles have a significant adsorption capacity for As (III). Equilibrium was established within 30 min, with about 30% of the initial As (III) being adsorbed onto TiO2 nanoparticles. Most of aqueous As (III) was oxidized to As(V) in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles under sunlight. The carp accumulated considerably more As in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles than in the absence of TiO2 nanoparticles, and after 25-day exposure, As concentration in carp increased by 44%. Accumulation of As in viscera, gills and muscle of the carp was significantly enhanced by the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. 相似文献
840.
目前,高职高专英语课程考试仍存在试题设计不太科学、考试内容与教学要求不一致等问题,本文结合高职高专办学目标以及教育考试的实际,提出了在高职高专教育英语考试改革过程中,应着重从改革考试评价、改革考试形式及评估方法等方面入手,使考试与教学形成良性互动,构建了新的教育考试模式。 相似文献