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91.
Bio- and photo-transformation of two munitions and explosives of concern, 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) were assessed in spiked marine sediments and water. A sandy and a fine-grained sediment, with 0.25% and 1.1% total organic carbon, respectively, were used for biotransformation assessments at 10 and 20 degrees C. Sterilized sediments were used as controls for biotic vs. abiotic transformation. Transformation products were analyzed by HPLC, GC/MS and LC/MS. Biotransformation in sediments started soon after the initial contact of the chemicals with the sediments and proceeded for several months, with rates in the following sequence: fine-grain at 20 degrees C > fine-grain at 10 degrees C > sand at 20 degrees C > sand at 10 degrees C. The biotransformation paths seemed to be similar for all conditions. The major biotransformation product of 2,6-DNT was 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene (2-A-6-NT). 2-Nitrotoluene (2-NT) and other minor components, including N,N-dimethyl-3-nitroaniline, benzene nitrile, methylamino-2-nitrosophenol and diaminophenol, were also identified. After more prolonged incubation these chemicals were replaced by high molecular weight polymers. Several breakdown products of picric acid were identified by GC/MS, including 2,4-dinitrophenol, amino dinitrophenols, 3,4-diamino phenol, amino nitrophenol and nitro diaminophenol. Photo-transformation of 2,6-DNT and picric acid in seawater was assessed under simulated solar radiation (SSR). No significant photolysis of picric acid in seawater was observed for up to 47 days, but photo-transformation of 2,6-DNT began soon after the initial exposure to SSR, with 89% being photo-transformed in 24 h and none remaining after 72 h. High molecular weight chemicals were generated, with mass spectra ranging from molecular weight 200-500 compared to 182 for DNT, and the color of the stock solution changed from clear to orange. Complexity of the mass spectra and mass differences among fragments suggest that multiple polymers were produced and were co-eluting during the LC/MS analyses. 相似文献
92.
Sources and fate of nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in municipal wastewater treatment plants. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David L Sedlak Rula A Deeb Elisabeth L Hawley William A Mitch Timothy D Durbin Sam Mowbray Steve Carr 《Water environment research》2005,77(1):32-39
To assess the occurrence and fate of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants, samples from wastewater treatment plants and industrial sources were analyzed for NDMA, total NDMA precursors, and dimethylamine (DMA). The median concentration of NDMA in untreated wastewater was approximately 80 ng/L, with maximum concentrations up to 790 ng/L presumably occuring because of sources unrelated to domestic wastewater. Concentrations of DMA in untreated wastewater ranged from approximately 50 to 120 microg/L and accounted for a majority of the NDMA precursors. The removal of NDMA during secondary biological treatment exhibited considerable variability, with overall removal ranging from 0 to 75%. In contrast, removal of NDMA precursors and DMA generally exceeded 70%. The median concentration of NDMA in secondary effluent before disinfection was 46 ng/L. Although DMA was removed during secondary treatment, other NDMA precursors in wastewater effluent will result in formation of additional NDMA upon disinfection with chloramines. 相似文献
93.
94.
Bertrand Segues Jean-Michel Rozet Brigitte Gilbert Pascale Saugier-Veber Daniel Rabier Jean-Marie Saudubray Mireille Carré Françoise Parrot Rouleau Alain Menget Jean-Michel Bonardi Stanislas Lyonnet Jean-Paul Bonnefont Arnold Munnich 《黑龙江环境通报》1995,15(8):757-761
Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is an X-linked disorder of the urea cycle mapped to chromosome Xp21.1. Here, we show that apparent segregation of null alleles at the OTC locus and flanking polymorphic loci mimicked false maternity or false paternity in three affected families. Based on these observations, we suggest giving consideration to gene deletion when dealing with segregation of null alleles in OTC deficiency. 相似文献
95.
R. G. Cole C. Syms N. K. Davey N. Gust P. Notman R. Stewart C. A. Radford G. Carbines M. H. Carr A. G. Jeffs 《Marine Biology》2007,150(6):1379-1395
Across three areas, open-circuit scuba (OC) and rebreather (RB) surveys produced similar results for the density and size
distribution of fish species inside and outside marine reserves. At Tonga Island, more Notolabrus celidotus were counted with OC than with RB, independently of reserve status [log-scale response ratio of OC/RB (RR) = 0.7]. At Long
Island, differences in abundance of Parapercis colias between sampling methods were small at reserve sites (RR = −0.1), but more were counted with scuba than with RBs at fished
sites (RR = 0.5). RRs for Pagrus auratus were −1.0 in fished areas and 0.3 in the reserve at Leigh. We also sampled each site using a baited video system (BUV) to
establish whether diver-transects sampled the full size range of target species. Most fish in BUV views were Parapercis colias at Long Island (97%), and Pagrus auratus at Leigh (77%). Size structures of Parapercis colias were similar among all three sampling methods within reserve and fished areas at Long Island (max. chi-squared distance = 0.11).
BUV samples for Pagrus auratus at Leigh did not detect a prominent juvenile size class observed by divers, but size-frequency distributions of OC, RB, and
BUV corresponded at sizes beyond 15 cm TL (max. chi-squared distance = 0.08). To investigate the effects of diver sound on
fish behaviour at Long Island, we also compared fish activity when divers with RBs or scuba were present, when the sound of
each breathing apparatus was replayed underwater, when no divers were present and no sound was replayed, and when bait was
provided, within the reserve only. The lowest number of fish visits to the focal area (mean of 3.0 per 10 min) for Parapercis colias occurred with RB divers present. Maximum abundances of Parapercis colias in all speaker treatments averaged 4.1 per 10 min, whereas with scuba divers present maximum abundances were 5.7, and with
baits the average was 38.0 per 10 min. 相似文献
96.
Robert C. Carr 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):652-658
This paper provides an overview of integrated environmental control research and development efforts at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). EPRI studies show that as much as a 50 percent reduction in total environmental control system costs for coal-fired power plants may be achievable by utilities using systematically integrated environmental control design methods. The bulk of these savings can be achieved through consolidation of several functions into one device. The remainder can come from improved plant heat rates, resulting in less fuel consumption and, thus, less flue gas to process and less emissions to control, and from eliminating unnecessary redundant control systems. 相似文献
97.
N. Gruchy F. Vialard E. Blondeel N. Le Meur G. Joly-Hélas P. Chambon M. Till M. Herbaut-Graux A. Vigouroux-Castera A. Coussement J. Lespinasse F. Amblard M. Jimenez L. Lebel Roy Camille F. Carré-Pigeon E. Flori F. Mugneret S. Jaillard C. Yardin R. Harbuz M. Collonge Rame P. Vago M. Valduga N. Leporrier 《黑龙江环境通报》2014,34(12):1133-1138
98.
Poor placentation, which manifests as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, is a major pregnancy complication. The underlying cause is a deficiency in normal trophoblast invasion of the spiral arteries, associated with placental inflammation, oxidative stress, and an antiangiogenic state. Peripartum therapies, such as prenatal maternal corticosteroids and magnesium sulphate, can prevent some of the adverse neonatal outcomes, but there is currently no treatment for poor placentation itself. Instead, management relies on identifying the consequences of poor placentation in the mother and fetus, with iatrogenic preterm delivery to minimise mortality and morbidity. Several promising therapies are currently under development to treat poor placentation, to improve fetal growth, and to prevent adverse neonatal outcomes. Interventions such as maternal nitric oxide donors, sildenafil citrate, vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy, hydrogen sulphide donors, and statins address the underlying pathology, while maternal melatonin administration may provide fetal neuroprotection. In the future, these may provide a range of synergistic therapies for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, depending on the severity and gestation of onset. © 2014 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
99.
Nation‐building policies in Timor‐Leste: disaster risk reduction,including climate change adaptation
Jessica Mercer Ilan Kelman Francisco do Rosario Abilio de Deus de Jesus Lima Augusto da Silva Anna‐Maija Beloff Alex McClean 《Disasters》2014,38(4):690-718
Few studies have explored the relationships between nation‐building, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Focusing on small island developing states, this paper examines nation‐building in Timor‐Leste, a small island developing state that recently achieved independence. Nation‐building in Timor‐Leste is explored in the context of disaster risk reduction, which necessarily includes climate change adaptation. The study presents a synopsis of Timor‐Leste's history and its nation‐building efforts as well as an overview of the state of knowledge of disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation. It also offers an analysis of significant gaps and challenges in terms of vertical and horizontal governance, large donor presence, data availability and the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation for nation‐building in Timor‐Leste. Relevant and applicable lessons are provided from other small island developing states to assist Timor‐Leste in identifying its own trajectory out of underdevelopment while it builds on existing strengths. 相似文献
100.
Edward R. Carr Philip M. Wingard Sara C. Yorty Mary C. Thompson Natalie K. Jensen Justin Roberson 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(6):543-555
The DPSIR framework was devised in the late 1990s as a tool for the reporting and analysis of environmental problems, ranging in scale from global systems to localized watersheds. Since then, international organizations have begun to apply this framework to the evaluation of sustainable development initiatives, to better understand and overcome barriers to sustainability. While this may seem a logical application for an integrated environmental assessment tool, the use of DPSIR in sustainable development will likely perpetuate the least satisfactory outcomes of development. DPSIR cannot address the impact of aggregated, informal responses on the drivers and pressures related to environmental problems and sustainability challenges. This problem is not merely an oversight of the framework, but an issue that emerges within the structure of DPSIR itself through the unexamined, unacknowledged hierarchy of actors that this framework implicitly creates with its typology. Therefore, a DPSIR-centered approach is not a new direction for development within international organizations, but instead, a reproduction of existing inequalities between actors and stakeholders within current approaches. 相似文献