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551.
Linkage of a geographical information system with the gleams model to assess nitrate leaching in agricultural areas 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems, Version 2.10) model was linked with a Geographical Information System (GIS) to evaluate the risk of nitrate pollution in an area of 230 km2 near Valencia (Spain). Under Mediterranean conditions, GLEAMS was calibrated and validated using results from field experiments on citrus orchards and vegetables grown in that area. A graphical user interface (GUI) was implemented in the GIS-model system to allow a non-specialist to run the model, and to represent simulation results as a thematic map. In order to execute the GLEAMS model, data must be grouped in five basic layers: four layers correspond to the base maps (soils, climate, land use, NO3 content in irrigation water), and the fifth layer corresponds to agricultural management practices, introduced in the system interacting to the GUI. To illustrate system capabilities. two rotations with crops in the vegetable area (potato/lettuce/onion/cauliflower, and artichoke/artichoke in 2 years rotation each), and orange trees in the citrus area, were simulated to determine the N leached in the study area. Pollution risk maps show that vegetable crops and areas irrigated with groundwater have the highest potential risk of groundwater nitrate pollution. Further analysis identified potato and artichoke (in the first year) to be the crops with the higher risk. 相似文献
552.
Xu Q Barrios CA Cutright T Newby BM 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(5):278-284
- Goal, Scope, Background. The traditional solution for keeping unwanted organisms from attaching to submerged surfaces is to
apply anti-fouling coatings. The most common antifoulant was tributyltin (TBT). TBT systems were highly effective but were
also toxic to non-target organisms. The use of the TBT based coatings will be completely banned by January 1, 2008. Therefore,
there is an urgent need to seek out suitable non-toxic alternatives.
Methods The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of capsaicin and zosteric acid as natural product antifoulants (NPAs)
in deterring bacterial attachment. Two fresh water bacteria systems Pseudomonas putida (Pp) and bacteria isolated from Lake
Erie (LE) were used to assess the attachment when the NPAs dispersed in the water. Effectiveness was ascertained based on
the decrease in microbial attachment, limited toxicity, and minimum alteration of the coatings properties.
Results and Discussion A significant inhibition of bacteria attachment was achieved when aqueous capsaicin concentration was increased from 0 to
40 mg/L. For instance, after 14 days the LE system depicted 93.5% and 98.5% less biofilm coverage for 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L
capsaicin, respectively when compared to systems without NPA. Biofilm coverage was reduced by 92.5% and 98.2%, respectively
with 50 mg/L and 500 mg/L zosteric acid.
Conclusions Both capsaicin and zosteric acid was effective at preventing bacteria attachment. As the NPA aqueous concentration increased,
biofilm formation decreased. Evaluating changes in aqueous pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, aqueous microbial population
and biofilm formation suggested that the primary antifoulant mechanism of these two NPAs was to block the bacteria's active
sites versus posing a lethal level.
Recommendation and Perspective From the attachment study, zosteric acid appeared to be more effective in preventing bacterial attachment when the NPAs were
dispersed in the aqueous environment. For practical applications, the antifoulant needs to be incorporated into a coating
and have a slow release rate. Thus the ability to successfully incorporate zosteric acid into a coating, without deterring
bacterial attachment, needs to be investigated. 相似文献
553.
Almeida MD Lacerda LD Bastos WR Herrmann JC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,137(2):179-186
This work reports on the effect of land use change on Hg distribution in Amazon soils. It provides a comparison among Hg concentrations and distribution along soil profiles under different land use categories; primary tropical forest, slashed forest prior to burning, a 1-year silviculture plot planted after 4 years of forest removal and a 5-year-old pasture plot. Mercury concentrations were highest in deeper (60-80 cm) layers in all four plots. Forest soils showed the highest Hg concentrations, ranging from 128 ngg(-1) at the soil surface to 150 ngg(-1) at 60-80 cm of depth. Lower concentrations were found in pasture soils, ranging from 69 ngg(-1) at the topsoil to 135 ngg(-1) at 60-80 cm of depth. Slashed and silviculture soils showed intermediate concentrations. Differences among plots of different soil-use categories decreased with soil depth, being non-significant below 60 cm of depth. Mercury burdens were only statistically significantly different between pasture and forest soils at the topsoil, due to the large variability of concentrations. Consequently, estimated Hg losses were only significant between these two land use categories, and only for the surface layers. Estimated Hg loss due to forest conversion to pasture ranged from 8.5 mgm(-2) to 18.5 mgm(-2), for the first 20 cm of the soil profile. Mercury loss was comparable to loss rates estimated for other Amazon sites and seems to be directly related to Hg concentrations present in soils. 相似文献
554.
Bustamante Mercedes M. C. Silva José Salomão Scariot Aldicir Sampaio Alexandre Bonesso Vieira Daniel Luis Mascia Garcia Edenise Sano Edson Fernandes Geraldo Wilson Durigan Giselda Roitman Iris Figueiredo Isabel Rodrigues Ricardo Ribeiro Pillar Valério D. de Oliveira Alba Orli Malhado Ana Claudia Alencar Ane Vendramini Annelise Padovezi Aurélio Carrascosa Helena Freitas Joberto Siqueira José Alves Shimbo Julia Generoso Leonel Graça Tabarelli Marcelo Biderman Rachel de Paiva Salomão Rafael Valle Raul Junior Brienza Nobre Carlos 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2020,25(4):735-736
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - The original version of the article unfortunately contained an error. 相似文献
555.
Seasonal variation of above ground and belowground biomass of Spartina maritima and Halimione portulacoides, decomposition rates of belowground detritus in litterbags, and carbon partitioning in plant components and sediments were determined in two Tagus estuary marshes with different environmentalconditions. Total biomass was higher in the saltier marsh from 7,190 to 6,593 g m-2 dw and belowground component contributed to more than 90%. Litterbag experiment showed that 30 to 50% of carbonis decomposed within a month (decomposition rate from 0.024 to 0.060 d-1). Slower decomposition in subsequent periods agrees with accumulation of carbon concentration in sediment. Atmospheric carbon annually transferred to the plant belowground biomass is stored more efficiently in sediments of Corroios than Pancas. 相似文献
556.
Carlos A. Peres 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1992,31(5):339-347
Summary Tamarins of the genus Saguinus feed on a wide range of arthropods and small vertebrates, which compose a critical component of their diet. This paper examines the foraging patterns and capture success of the Avila-Peres saddle-back (S. fuscicollis avilapiresi) and the red-capped moustached tamarin (S. mystax pileatus) in very stable mixed-species groups, and whether and how any foraging benefits for either species resulted from their association. Moustached tamarins actively searched for prey items which were mainly well exposed on the midstorey foliage. Saddle-back tamarins, on the other hand, foraged at lower heights, largely by manipulating a variety of microhabitats potentially concealing embedded prey. The foraging activity of the numerically dominant and larger-bodied moustached tamarins often resulted in prey items escaping to lower substrates, usually the forest leaf-litter. The beating effect of this species substantially facilitated captures of large, mobile prey items by saddle-backs, which were highly adept at locating and retrieving flushed prey. It is estimated that, while saddle-backs obtained 66–73% of their prey biomass from flushed items, this proportion was substantially lower (2–9%) for moustached tamarins. Commensal insectivory appears to involve a highly asymmetric benefit to saddle-backs, and a low cost to moustached tamarins, which partly explains the stability of mixed-species groups.
Correspondence to the present address 相似文献
557.
558.
Nieto JM Sarmiento AM Olías M Canovas CR Riba I Kalman J Delvalls TA 《Environment international》2007,33(4):445-455
The Tinto and Odiel rivers are seriously affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) from the long-term mining activities in Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). As a consequence, the Huelva estuary is heavily contaminated by metals and metalloids. This study presents an estimation of the seasonal variation, and the dissolved contaminant load transported by both rivers from February 2002 to September 2004. Besides, toxicity and bioaccumulation tests with the sediments of the estuary have been conducted in order to measure the mobility of the toxic metals. Results show that the Tinto and Odiel rivers transport enormous quantities of dissolved metals to the estuary: 7900 t yr(-1) of Iron (Fe), 5800 t yr(-1) Aluminium (Al), 3500 t yr(-1) Zinc (Zn), 1700 t yr(-1) Copper (Cu), 1600 t yr(-1) Manganese (Mn) and minor quantities of other metals and metalloids. These values represent 37% of the global gross flux of dissolved Zn transported by rivers in to the ocean, and 15% of the global gross flux of dissolved Cu. These metals and metalloids usually sink in the estuarine sediments due to pH and salinity changes. The increase of salinity in the estuary favours the adsorption and trapping of metals. For this reason, the mobility and bioavailability of metals such as Zn, Cd and Cu is higher in sediments located in the area of fresh water influence that in sediments located in the marine influenced area of the estuary, showing a higher percentage of fractionation and bioaccumulation of these metals in the station influenced by the fresh water environment. 相似文献
559.
Carlos E. Rodr′?guez-Rodr′?guez Evelyn Rodr′?guez Rigoberto Blanco Ivannia Cordero Daniel Segura 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(10):1595-1601
Because of the lack of reports, the base levels of microbial contamination on stored fuels are unknown in tropical regions and it is
unclear whether these levels have some influence on fuel quality parameters. Therefore, fungal quality in automobile fuels stored across
Costa Rican territory was evaluated during two years according to the standard ASTM D6974-04. For a total of 96 samples, counts and
identification of molds and yeasts were performed on regular gas, premium gas and diesel taken from the bottom and superior part of
the container tanks. The highest contamination was found on the bottom of the tanks, where an aqueous phase was usually identified,
showing populations over the ones present in the hydrocarbon itself (up to 108 CFU/L). Diesel was the most contaminated fuel (up to
107 CFU/L); however, an alteration on the physicochemical parameters was not observed in any kind of fuel. Seventy-five mold strains
were isolated, Penicillium sp. being the most common genus (45.8% of the samples), and ten yeast strains, from the genera Candida sp.
and Rhodotorula sp. Four of the yeasts were able to grow on diesel as the sole carbon source, at concentrations ranging from 0.5% to
25%. Increasing the frequency of tank cleaning, adding antimicrobial agents and monitoring microbial populations are recommended
strategies to improve microbial quality of stored fuels. 相似文献
560.
The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia (Argentina) are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury (Hg) concentrations and contrasting methylmercury (CH3Hg+) production in different lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial (between lake branches), and vertical (between water column strata) heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH3Hg+ in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10–53 μm; which dominated within the euphotic (epilimnetic) zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53–200 μm planktonic size fraction (comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans) and the 200 μm fraction (calanoid copepods and cladocerans) were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible. 相似文献