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331.
Iker Mijangos Isabel Albizu Lur Epelde Ibone Amezaga Sorkunde Mendarte Carlos Garbisu 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(10):2066-2074
The application of lime or liming materials to acid-soil grasslands might help mitigate soil acidity, a major constraint to forage productivity in many temperate mountainous grasslands. Nowadays, in these mountainous grasslands, it is essential to promote agricultural practices to increase forage yield and nutritive value while preserving biodiversity and agroecosystem functioning. Two different field experiments were conducted in the Gorbeia Natural Park, northern Spain: (i) one in a calcareous mountainous grassland (Arraba) and (ii) the other in a siliceous mountainous grassland (Kurtzegan) to study the effects of a single application of two liming products, i.e. 2429 kg lime (164.3% CaCO3) ha?1 and 4734 kg calcareous sand (84.3% CaCO3) ha?1, applied one month before the beginning of the sheep grazing season (May–October), on soil chemical (pH, organic C, total N, C/N ratio, %Al saturation, Olsen P, exchangeable K+ and Ca2+) and biological parameters (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase activity) as well as on botanical diversity (graminoids, forbs, shrubs) and forage yield and nutritive value (crude protein, modified acid detergent fibre, digestibility). Untreated control plots were also included in the experiment. Soil sampling was carried out at the end of the sheep grazing season (6 months after liming treatment), while botanical composition was determined one year after treatments application. Although no increase in soil pH was observed in Arraba, liming significantly increased dehydrogenase activity (an indicator of soil microbial activity) by 30.4 and 86.7% at Arraba and Kurtzegan site, respectively. Liming treatments significantly improved forage yield and nutritive value in Arraba but not in Kurtzegan. Furthermore, no differences in soil biological quality, evaluated using the “treated-soil quality index” as proposed in this work, were observed between treated and untreated soils, and between the two different lime treatments (lime, calcareous sand). It was concluded that, in acid-soil temperate mountainous grasslands, moderate liming treatments have no negative short-term effects either on soil quality or botanical composition, while resulting in improvements in forage yield and nutritive value under some conditions. 相似文献
332.
Marc K. Steininger Karyn Tabor Jennifer Small Carlos Pinto Johan Soliz Ezequiel Chavez 《Environmental management》2013,52(1):136-150
We describe a model of forest flammability, based on daily satellite observations, for national to regional applications. The model defines forest flammability as the percent moisture content of fuel, in the form of litter of varying sizes on the forest floor. The model uses formulas from the US Forest Service that describe moisture exchange between fuel and the surrounding air and precipitation. The model is driven by estimates of temperature, humidity, and precipitation from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer and tropical rainfall measuring mission multi-satellite precipitation analysis. We provide model results for the southern Amazon and northern Chaco regions. We evaluate the model in a tropical forest-to-woodland gradient in lowland Bolivia. Results from the model are significantly correlated with those from the same model driven by field climate measurements. This model can be run in a near real-time mode, can be applied to other regions, and can be a cost-effective input to national fire management programs. 相似文献
333.
Antonio Gallardo María D. Bovea Francisco J. Colomer Míriam Prades Mar Carlos 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(12):2430-2439
The purpose of this study was to identify the different selective collection systems implemented in Spanish cities and to analyse the efficiency and extent to which the targets proposed by current law are met in each case.After defining the indicators to be used to quantify the efficiency of a selective collection system, a survey was designed to gather the information needed to calculate them. This survey was sent out to all Spanish cities with a population of over 50,000 inhabitants.Four different selective collection systems were also identified. For each of the four cases the indicators were calculated and analyzed to determine which one was the best system. The best values were obtained from the system with separation in five fractions: paper/cardboard, glass and lightweight packaging at drop-off points, organic waste and mixed waste in kerbside bins. Two regression models (linear and exponential) were developed in systems with enough data to explain and predict the variation in the amounts of materials that were separated correctly into containers, depending on the distance between containers and citizens. Nevertheless, the percentages of separation at source of paper/cardboard and lightweight packaging are still far from reaching the targets set by law. 相似文献
334.
Andrew R. McFarland Carlos A. Ortiz Russell W. Bertch Jr. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):544-547
A Two-stage Size Selective Inlet for use with hi-vol samplers was designed and tested. The inlet, which operates at a flow rate of 1.13 m3/min, is shown to have a cutpoint of 9.8 μm and a fractionation curve slope of 1.45. The cutpoint is well within the EPA suggested limits of 10 ± 1 μm. Fractionation is not affected by wind speed over the test range of 2-24 km/h. Re-entrainment or bounce of solid particles is not of consequence. The difference in penetration of 20 μm aerodynamic diameter glass beads and liquid aerosols is less than 1% at all wind speeds. 相似文献
335.
Michael E. Chang Carlos Cardelino 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):2010-2024
ABSTRACT Twenty-four to forty-eight-hour ozone air quality forecasts are increasingly being used in metropolitan areas to inform the public about potentially harmful air quality conditions. The forecasts are also behind “ozone action day” programs in which the public and private sectors are encouraged or mandated to alter activities that contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. Presented here is a low-cost application of the Urban Airshed Model (UAM), an Eulerian 3-dimensional photochemical-transport grid model for generating next-day peak ozone concentration forecasts. During the summer of 1997, next-day peak ozone concentrations in Atlanta, GA, were predicted both by a team of eight forecasters and by the Urban Airshed Model in Forecast Mode (UAM-FM). Results are presented that compare the accuracy of the team and the UAM-FM. The results for the summer of 1997 indicate that the UAM-FM may be a better predictor of peak ozone concentrations when concentrations are high (> 0.095 ppmv), and the team may be a better predictor of ozone concentrations when concentrations are low (< 0.095 ppmv). The UAM-FM is also discussed in the context of other forecasting tools, primarily linear regression models and a no-skill, persistence-based technique. 相似文献
336.
We present an easy to implement algorithm, which is valid to analyse the variance of data under several robust conditions.
Firstly, the observations may be precise or imprecise. Secondly, the error distributions may vary within the wide class of
the strongly unimodal distributions, symmetrical or not. Thirdly, the variance of the errors is unknown. The algorithm starts
by estimating the parameters of the ANOVA linear model. Then, the asymptotic covariance matrix of the effects is estimated.
Finally, the algorithm uses this matrix estimate to test ANOVA hypotheses posed in terms of linear combinations of the effects. 相似文献
337.
Néstor Gutiérrez B. Stefanie Gärtner Juan Y. López H. Carlos E. Pacheco Albert Reif 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(5):1069-1085
High deforestation rates in tropical countries continue to reduce forest cover and thereby habitat quantity and quality. However, in some places the forest is recovering and expanding thus offsetting the biodiversity and ecosystem service losses. In order to characterize the forest recovery, land use and land cover (LUC) changes were analyzed using aerial photographs, taken between 1952 and 2009, of a peri-urban watershed in the Andes region of Venezuela. The qualities of the changes were assessed using landscape indices and hemeroby indicators. In that period, the forest cover increased about 18 %, mainly due to abandoned pastures on steep slopes. At the same time, the urban area expanded about 4 % on valley bottoms, while pastures and crop fields were reduced about 20 %. The results also showed that forest patches were aggregating, whereas pastures were fragmenting. A reduction in direct human impacts on forests growing on abandoned pastures resulted in a slight recovery of the lower montane cloud forest structure and plant composition. But non-native species were found in all LUC categories. During the study period, we documented not only forest recovery, but also urban area growth, intensified land use and invasions by non-native species all of which could partially counterbalance the positives of forest recovery. 相似文献
338.
Correa Carlos Alberto De Oliveira Marcio Adilson Jacinto Christiane Mondelli Giulliana 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2022,24(3):1140-1155
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The present study is concerned with an overview of the main aspects of the selective collection from the municipal solid waste in São... 相似文献
339.
dos Santos Filho Edson Antônio Siqueira Danilo Diniz Araújo Edcleide Maria Luna Carlos Bruno Barreto de Medeiros Everaldo Paulo 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(2):443-460
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Nowadays, there is a need to obtain eco-friendly materials, especially plastics that are responsible for most of the environmental pollution. In this... 相似文献
340.
Lastre-Acosta Arlen Mabel Rocha Carolina Mendes Mendes Maria Anita Teixeira Antonio Carlos Silva Costa do Nascimento Claudio Augusto Oller 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(28):42231-42241
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of highly toxic, resistant, and persistent organic pollutants, among which 2-chlorobiphenyl (PCB-1) is... 相似文献