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41.
The modified neglect of diatomic overlap (MNDO) method, a semi-empirical molecular orbital calculation, has been used to calculate the heats of formation, ionization potentials, dipole moments, and LUMOs (lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals) for all of the tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, and octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. These data have been used to predict gas chromatographic retention indexes. 相似文献
42.
43.
David M. Cooley Christopher S. Galik Thomas P. Holmes Carolyn Kousky Roger M. Cooke 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(1):17-24
Although forest carbon offsets can play an important role in the implementation of comprehensive climate policy, they also
face an inherent risk of reversal. If such risks are positively correlated across projects, it can affect the integrity of
larger project portfolios and potentially the entire offsets program. Here, we discuss three types of risks that could affect
forest offsets—fat tails, micro-correlation, and tail dependence—and provide examples of how they could present themselves
in a forest offset context. Given these potential dependencies, we suggest several new risk management approaches that take
into account dependencies in reversal risk across projects and which could help guard the climate integrity of an offsets
program. We also argue that data collection be included as an integral part of any offsets program so that disturbance-related
dependencies may be identified and managed as early and to the greatest extent possible. 相似文献
44.
Carolyn Rodak Stephen E. Silliman Diogo Bolster 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(1):14-28
Traditionally, assessment of human health risk caused by contamination of a water supply focuses on the maximum risk to an individual. Here, we introduce a time‐dependent risk assessment method and adapt and explore the reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV) criteria from the surface‐water literature as possible tools for assessing this risk. Time‐dependent risk assessment, including RRV, is applied to two synthetic examples where water quality at a well varies over time. We calculate time‐dependent health risks for discrete periods of exposure to the contaminated water for a variable population. The RRV criteria provide information about time‐dependent risk: probability of an acceptable risk, probability of system recovery, maximum risk, and average exceedance of a prescribed risk threshold. The results demonstrate that episodic contamination events produce fundamentally different time‐dependent risks than long‐term events: these differences, such as generally lower risks for the episodic contamination, can be captured via plots of the risk and the RRV criteria. Furthermore, the evaluation of time‐dependent health risk and the RRV criteria demonstrates significant sensitivity to the shape of the contaminant breakthrough curve, length of exposure, and variability within the population. Overall, analysis of time‐dependent health risks provides substantial insight into the structure of risk, with RRV providing a reasonable framework for the evaluation of these risks. 相似文献
45.
This article proposes a hierarchical multivariate conditional autoregressive model applied to a compositional response vector. We particularly focus on situations when the composition is discrete occurring when observations are based on small multinomial counts. We address drawbacks that exist in current modeling approaches for such data. Our hierarchical model will be demonstrated with data used to help manage a commercial sockeye salmon fishery in the Fraser River of British Columbia. 相似文献
46.
Ming-Der Yang Carolyn J. Merry Robert M. Sykes 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(2):253-263
ABSTRACT: Water quality modeling has been developed for more than three quarters of a century, but is limited to the study of trends instead of making accurate short-term forecasts. A major barrier to water quality forecasting is the lack of an efficient system for water quality monitoring. Traditional water quality sampling is time-consuming, expensive, and can only be taken for small sizes. Remote sensing provides a new technique to monitor water quality repetitively for a large area. The objective of this research is to use remotely sensed data in a water quality model - QUAL2E - in a case study of the Te-Chi Reservoir in Taiwan. The water quality variables developed from the simulations are displayed in map form. The developed forecasting system is designed to predict water quality variables using remote sensing data as an input to initialize and update water quality conditions. 相似文献
47.
We conducted a natural resource assessment at two national parks, New River Gorge National River and Shenandoah National Park,
to help meet the goals of the Natural Resource Challenge—a program to help strengthen natural resource management at national
parks. We met this challenge by synthesizing and interpreting natural resource information for planning purposes and we identified
information gaps and natural significance of resources. We identified a variety of natural resources at both parks as being
globally and/or nationally significant, including large expanses of unfragmented, mixed-mesophytic forests that qualify for
wilderness protection, rare plant communities, diverse assemblages of neotropical migratory birds and salamanders, and outstanding
aquatic recreational resources. In addition, these parks function, in part, as ecological reserves for plants in and wildlife.
With these significant natural resources in mind, we also developed a suite of natural resource management recommendations
in light of increasing threats from within and outside park boundaries. We hope that our approach can provide a blueprint
for natural resource conservation at publically owned lands. 相似文献
48.
The Adaptation for Conservation Targets (ACT) Framework: A Tool for Incorporating Climate Change into Natural Resource Management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
MS Cross ES Zavaleta D Bachelet ML Brooks CA Enquist E Fleishman LJ Graumlich CR Groves L Hannah L Hansen G Hayward M Koopman JJ Lawler J Malcolm J Nordgren B Petersen EL Rowland D Scott SL Shafer MR Shaw GM Tabor 《Environmental management》2012,50(3):341-351
As natural resource management agencies and conservation organizations seek guidance on responding to climate change, myriad potential actions and strategies have been proposed for increasing the long-term viability of some attributes of natural systems. Managers need practical tools for selecting among these actions and strategies to develop a tailored management approach for specific targets at a given location. We developed and present one such tool, the participatory Adaptation for Conservation Targets (ACT) framework, which considers the effects of climate change in the development of management actions for particular species, ecosystems and ecological functions. Our framework is based on the premise that effective adaptation of management to climate change can rely on local knowledge of an ecosystem and does not necessarily require detailed projections of climate change or its effects. We illustrate the ACT framework by applying it to an ecological function in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, USA)-water flows in the upper Yellowstone River. We suggest that the ACT framework is a practical tool for initiating adaptation planning, and for generating and communicating specific management interventions given an increasingly altered, yet uncertain, climate. 相似文献
49.
Jaime B. Henning Carolyn J. Stufft Stephanie C. Payne Mindy E. Bergman M. Sam Mannan Nir Keren 《Safety Science》2009,47(3):337-345
Workplace accidents cost organizations and the economy billions of dollars annually, disabling and injuring millions of employees. Employee attitudes toward safety have been shown to relate to safe workplace behavior. In an effort to determine what contributes to stronger employee attitudes toward safety, we examined the relationships between safety attitudes and a wide array of individual differences reflecting preferences and tendencies toward risk and control. Using a sample of 190 engineering and occupational safety students from two universities, we found that agreeableness, conscientiousness, prevention regulatory focus, and fatalism related significantly to all six safety attitudes examined. Regression analyses demonstrated that agreeableness, prevention focus, and fatalism significantly related to safety attitudes when controlling for the other individual differences. This study illustrates the utility of examining individual differences when predicting safety-related attitudes. 相似文献
50.
Alan C. Lloyd James M. Lents Carolyn Green Patricia Nemeth 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):696-703
The 1988 Air Quality Management Plan was approved by the Board of the California South Coast Air Quality Management District in March 1989. The District comprises the counties of Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside, and the non-desert portion of San Bernardino county. Emissions reductions in the past have lead to significant improvement in air quality despite large increases in growth. However, the District, largely because of continuous growth, currently violates the air quality standards for ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and respirable particulate matter (PM10). Based upon the AQMP, reduction of approximately 80 percent in emissions of oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds is required to bring the District into compliance with all air quality standards in the next twenty years. Achieving compliance will necessitate the use of advanced technologies, as well as some changes in lifestyle and management practices. Advanced technologies, including the use of electric vehicles powered by batteries or fuel cells, the use of cleaner burning fuels and advanced combustion modifications, and treatment of surface coatings and solvents are included in the AQMP. The Technology Advancement Office in the District was created to work with industry, universities, research institutes, and other local, state and federal agencies to identify, evaluate, and promote low emitting fuels and technologies. In addition to electricity, fuels burning cleaner than conventional gasoline or diesel are being tested to obtain emissions and durability data so that rational choices can be made for the future. Compressed natural gas, methanol and liquefied petroleum gas are considered to be cleaner burning fuels for current applications. Ethanol, butane, and various oxygenated blends are being evaluated, and the broader application of solar energy and hydrogen are being investigated. The impact of various cleaner burning fuels on air quality is being addressed. To date, methanol is the only fuel for which results are available. These results indicate that methanol use in vehicles—with control of formaldehyde emissions below 15 mg/mile for light-duty vehicles—can provide air quality benefits for all criteria pollutants and certain air toxics. These benefits are greater for M100 than M85. Several District advanced technology programs are described, including a reduction in emissions from paints and coatings, and the demonstration of electric vehicles. 相似文献