油田污染土壤中石油烃类微生物及其降解基因的分布

以原油为唯一碳源,运用传统分离培养法,从中国江苏省淮安市金南油田石油污染土壤中筛选出9株具有原油降解功能的菌株并分别命名为JN1~JN9。对其进行形态观察、生理生化实验和分子生物学鉴定,最终确定其分别隶属于Lysinibacillus、Pseudomonas、Raoultella等5个菌属;在适宜条件下进行降解实验,9株菌对原油的降解率最高可达到32.63%;进一步对9株菌进行质粒和基因组上原油降解基因的分析,结果表明,GSTs基因广泛分布在其中8株菌的基因组上,同时JN1、JN3、JN4的质粒上也检测到了GSTs基因; alkB基因分别在7株菌的基因组中和2株菌的质粒检出;LmPH基因仅在JN9的基因组上检出。利用分子生物学手段对石油降解菌降解基因的分布的初步研究结果,可为原油污染场地的微生物修复提供理论依据。     

Sampling and analysis of ambient dioxins in northern Taiwan

In this study, ambient air samples were taken concurrently in the vicinity area of a large-scale municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and the background area for measuring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) concentrations from November 1999 through July 2000 in northern Taiwan. The results obtained from eighteen ambient air samples indicate that the mean PCDD/F concentration of seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners in wintertime (188–348 fg-I-TEQ/m³) is significantly higher than that measured in summertime (56–166 fg-I-TEQ/m³). In addition, the seasonal PCDD/F concentrations are compared with the ambient air quality data including CO, NO₂, PM₁₀ and TSP sampled from Taipei area to gain better insights. It indicates that the variation of ambient air PCDD/F concentrations is closely correlated with that of PM₁₀ concentrations. Besides, the results indicate that the I-TEQ concentration of ambient air in sampling site B (directly downwind of the MWI) is of the highest while the sampling site A (upwind of MWI) is of the lowest among all sampling sites. This implies that existing MWI can be a significant emitter of PCDD/Fs in this area. Furthermore, the patterns of the PCDD/F congener distribution at all sampling sites (including the background site in Taoyuan) are quite similar. OCDD concentration is of the highest among seventeen PCDD/F congeners investigated and accounts for about 35% of the total concentration. As for the I-TEQ concentrations, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF is the most significant contributor, generally being responsible for 30–45% of the total I-TEQ values depending on the sampling sites and seasons.     

蔬菜土壤微生物种群数量与土壤重金属含量的关系

对呈贡县蔬菜土壤微生物种群数量和土壤重金属质量分数进行大田调查分析，结果表明，土壤微生物种群数量和微生物多样性指数变化较大，土壤微生物种群数量总体水平较高，但微生物多样性指数偏低，其中以细菌占较大的优势；土壤重金属对土壤微生物数量和微生物多样性均有一定的影响，其中土壤中Pb和Cu的质量分数与土壤微生物种群数量显著相关；土壤重金属综合污染指数与真菌／细菌个数比例、真菌／放线菌个数比例与微生物多样性指数均呈显著的指数相关。随着重金属综合污染指数的增加，微生物多样性指数呈指数式地迅速下降。     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of ground granulated blast furnace slag-based geopolymer reinforced with polyvinyl alcohol fibers

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is a solid waste characterized by a high reactivity with alkali solutions, which is normally used...     

A framework for understanding waste management studies in construction

During the past decades, construction and demolition (C&D) waste issues have received increasing attention from both practitioners and researchers around the world. A plethora of research relating to C&D waste management (WM) has been published in scholarly journals. However, a comprehensive understanding of the C&D WM research is somehow absent in spite of its proliferation. The aim of this paper is to develop a framework that helps readers understand the C&D WM research as archived in selected journals. Papers under the topic of C&D WM are retrieved based on a set of rigorous procedures. The information of these papers is then analyzed with the assistance of the Qualitative Social Research (QSR) software package NVivo. A framework for understanding C&D WM research is created based on the analytic results. By following the framework, a bibliometric analysis of research in C&D WM is presented, followed by an in-depth literature analysis. It is found that C&D generation, reduction, and recycling are the three major topics in the discipline of C&D WM. Future research is recommended to (a) investigate C&D waste issues in wider scopes including design, maintenance and demolition, (b) develop a unified measurement for waste generation so that WM performance can be compared across various economies, and (c) enhance effectiveness of WM approaches (e.g. waste charging scheme) based on new WM concepts (e.g. Extended Producer Responsibility). In addition to the above research findings, the approach for producing the research framework can be useful references for other studies which attempt to understand the research of a given discipline.     

Evaluation of the Biodegradability of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Starch Blends: A Methodological Comparison of Environmentally Friendly Materials

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and starch are both biodegradable polymers. These two polymers can be prepared as biodegradable plastics that are emerging as one of the environmental friendly materials available now. In this study, after reacting with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), modified corn starch was blended with PVA in different ratios by a barbender. Test samples were prepared for mechanical and thermal properties measurements. The surface roughness and morphology of fractured surface of the samples were observed by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. Aqueous degradation by enzyme, water absorption and biodegradability behavior were evaluated for the degradability. The biodegradability of these materials was followed by bio-reactivity kinetics models. Results showed that the addition of modified starch could enhance its water uptake. With an addition of 20 wt% of modified starch, the blend had a maximum weight loss during enzymatic degradation. It was found that the degradability was enhanced with the addition of the starch. Analyzing the results of the biodegradability based on the kinetic models, the growth rate of the microorganism was found to be increasing with the increase of the content of starch in the PVA/starch blends in the first order reaction fashion. In our biodegradability analysis, i.e., based on the China national standards (CNS) 14432 regulations, we estimated the decomposition behavior based on the mentioned first order reaction. We found that the PVA/starch blends would take 32.47, 16.20 and 12.47 years to degrade by 70% as their starch content 0, 20 and 40 wt%, respectively.     

中国保护水生生物的甲基汞水质标准制订初探

甲基汞是具较强生物有效性和毒性的有机汞形态,其具有高生物累积性和生物放大效应,能对水生态系统中高营养级生物产生极高的危害,对脊椎动物造成神经毒性、内分泌干扰和生殖毒性等。我国不同环境介质(水、沉积物和生物体组织)中均检测到了甲基汞的存在。传统的水质基准仅依据水环境中水生生物急慢性毒性数据推导得到,未考虑污染物的生物有效性和生物累积性,采用该水质基准可能会对水生态系统造成欠保护。组织浓度是累积性物质生物有效性的直接体现,使用基于组织浓度的毒性数据推导水质基准进而确定水质标准,科学性更强,能更加合理、可靠地保护水生态系统。综述了甲基汞暴露最新毒性研究,在此基础上,采用物种敏感度分布法计算了甲基汞基于组织浓度的基准值为23.15 μg/kg,确定了其保护水生生物的水质基准值为0.12 ng/L,由此推导了其适合我国水环境的水生生物水质标准值为0.35 ng/L。研究结果可为甲基汞水质基准向水质标准的转化及生物累积性物质的水环境质量管理提供思路和支持。     

多情景分析的农业面源污染关键源区识别软件开发及应用

为解决农业面源污染关键源区识别过程中情景单一、数据量大、涉及环节多,以及模型复杂、操作繁琐和治理效果不明确等问题,采用GIS技术结合InVEST的产水量与营养物传输率模型,构建可进行农业面污染关键源区识别与治理模拟的信息系统。设计了基于入河负荷、潜在径流浓度、负荷与产水量比值3种不同情景下的关键源区识别功能,模拟了3种情景下关键源区的分布状况;整合了InVEST的产水量、营养物传输率和流失负荷等模型;设计了面源污染关键源区治理模拟功能,可直观展示3种情景下识别出的关键源区的治理效果;并以海河流域为例,应用该软件对农田总氮（TN）面源关键源区进行了识别和模拟治理。结果表明：1）基于入河负荷情景下识别出的关键源区较为分散,分布在除永定河与子牙河水系外的大部分水系;基于潜在径流浓度情景下的关键源区分布较为集中,多分布在流域中部至南部,其余分布在东南部;基于负荷与产水量比值情景下识别出的关键源区分布高度集中,分布在流域中部至南部。2）基于潜在径流浓度、负荷与产水量比值情景在TN、总磷（TP）模拟治理中的效果接近,且明显优于基于入河负荷情景;结合软件中设定的基于入河负荷、潜在径流浓度、负荷与产水量比值3种情景进行分析,能降低复杂地理环境带来的影响,提高面源污染关键源区的识别效率,提升面源污染关键源区治理决策的科学性,具有实用性。

     

多孔孔板水力空化反应器的水力特性

设计不同孔分布的孔板空化反应器,通过测定空化数及.OH产生量,研究多孔孔板水力空化反应器空化特性,为高性能多孔孔板水力空化反应器的设计奠定基础。实验结果表明,空化数随孔板孔径的增加、入口压力的减小和溶液温度的升高而增大;.OH产生量随孔板孔径的减小和运行时间的增加而增加,随入口压力和溶液温度的升高先增加后减小。结果表明,多孔孔板水力空化反应器的水力空化效果与孔板结构及操作条件有关。