清淤底泥处置中添加粉煤灰/炉渣对重金属生物有效性及毒性的影响

在清淤底泥中添加碱性粉煤灰、燃煤炉渣进行钝化处理后,通过浸出毒性实验、重金属形态分级实验及植物生长实验对底泥基质中重金属的活性及生物有效性进行了研究.结果表明:清淤底泥中添加粉煤灰、燃煤炉渣等碱性物质后显著降低了底泥基质中可溶态重金属含量,其中,交换态、有机结合态Pb、Zn所占比例显著降低;碱性物质的加入缓解了重金属的浸出危害,钝化底泥基质中粉煤灰、炉渣对Cu的稳定率可达90.34%~96.88%;与此同时也抑制了底泥中重金属在植物体内的富集与迁移,降低了重金属的生物有效性.相关性分析表明,底泥基质中交换态重金属含量、浸出浓度、植物茎叶中重金属含量及植物根伸长抑制率之间存在显著正相关关系(p0.01).     

Characteristics of major secondary ions in typical polluted atmospheric aerosols during autumn in central Taiwan

In autumn of 2008, the chemical characteristics of major secondary ionic aerosols at a suburban site in central Taiwan were measured during an annually occurring season of high pollution. The semicontinuous measurement system measured major soluble inorganic species, including NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), and SO(4)(2-), in PM(10) with a 15 min resolution time. The atmospheric conditions, except for the influences of typhoons, were dominated by the local sea-land breeze with clear diurnal variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. To evaluate secondary aerosol formation at different ozone levels, daily ozone maximum concentration (O(3,daily max)) was used as an index of photochemical activity for dividing between the heavily polluted period (O(3,daily max) ≧80 ppb) and the lightly polluted period (O(3,daily max)<80 ppb). The concentrations of PM(10), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+) and total major ions during the heavily polluted period were 1.6, 1.9, 2.4, 2.7 and 2.3 times the concentrations during the lightly polluted period, respectively. Results showed that the daily maximum concentrations of PM(10) occurred around midnight and the daily maximum ozone concentration occurred during daytime. The average concentration of SO(2) was higher during daytime, which could be explained by the transportation of coastal industry emissions to the sampling site. In contrast, the high concentration of NO(2) at night was due to the land breeze flow that transport inland urban air masses toward this site. The simulations of breeze circulations and transitions were reflected in transports and distributions of these pollutants. During heavily polluted periods, NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) showed a clear diurnal variations with lower concentrations after midday, possibly due to the thermal volatilization of NH(4)NO(3) during daytime and transport of inland urban plume at night. The diurnal variation of PM(10) showed the similar pattern to that of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) aerosols. This indicated that the formatted secondary aerosols in the inland urban area could be transported to the coastal area by the weak land breeze and deteriorated the air quality in the coastal area at night.     

高温作业人员的防护措施

正常气温对人体是必需的、有益的。高温则会引起中暑。当环境受热明显超过散热时,机体则会出现热蓄积;当热蓄积超过了体温调节能力,则出现过热、中暑,甚至死亡。本文从佩戴个体防护用品、技术措施等角度,提出了预防高温作业人员受到职业危害的具体措施。     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO(2) particles in aqueous suspensions under UV irradiation

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO₂ particles was examined under 400-W UV irradiation. The effects of various operating parameters including TiO₂ dosage, solution pH (4–10), and initial phenol concentration (0.13–1.05 mM) on phenol degradation were investigated. Three forms of TiO₂ photocatalysts such as pure anatase phase, pure rutile phase, and the mixed phase were prepared by sol-gel method and followed annealing at different temperatures. The annealing temperature used were 500 °C, 700 °C and 900 °C for pure anatase phase, the mixed phase, and pure rutile phase, respectively. It was shown that pure anatase TiO₂ exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than the physical mixture of pure anatase and rutile TiO₂. Moreover, the TiO₂ particle with a specific fraction of mixed anatase and rutile phases exhibited better performance than pure anatase TiO₂. Finally, the degradation rate could be satisfactorily fitted by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.     

Effects of varying dilutions, pH, temperature and cations on spermatozoa motility in fish Larimichthys polyactis

The objectives of this present study were to assess the effects of varying dilutions, pH, temperature and cations on spermatozoa motile parameters (SMPs) in fish Larimichthys polyactis. Optimal SMPs were observed when emen was diluted in artificial seawater (ASW) at a ratio of 1 to 100, with temperature of 10 degreesC and pH 8.0. The spermatozoa of L. polyactis were immotile in distilled water and motile in solution containing different cations. Maximum SMPs were obtained in each solution containing 0.4 mol NaCI, 0.4 mol KCI, 0.2 mol CaCI2 and 0.2 mol MgCl2. This study provides baseline knowledge of L. polyactis spermatozoa sensitivity of pH, temperature and cationic effects.     

Variation and removal efficiency of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in an advanced water treatment system

This study investigates the microorganism growth indicator and determines the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) content at the Cheng-Ching Lake Advanced Water Treatment Plant (CCLAWTP) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Notably, AOC is associated with the biological stability within the water distribution network and has garnered considerable attention in the environmental engineering field in recent years. Water samples were collected from the effluent of each unit in CCLAWTP once monthly during December 2008 to November 2009. Items of water quality related to carbon concentration levels, including AOC, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, UV₂₅₄, and specific ultraviolent absorbance were analyzed. Analytical results demonstrate that the average AOC concentration in raw water was 83.61 ??g/L and reduced in freshwater was controlled at an average of 50 ??g/L after an advanced treatment system of roughly 54% of AOC was removed in compliance with treatment plant standards. If AOC concentrations in freshwater can be reduced, study results can provide a direction for improving water treatment capabilities.     

青海省西宁市与天峻县大气中得克隆与十溴联苯醚的水平与来源

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)与得克隆(DP)是两种常见的添加型卤代阻燃剂,被广泛应用于各种电子产品中.由于其普遍存在于多种环境介质中,现已成为一种广泛存在的污染物,可能会对人体及生态系统产生潜在的危害.本研究测定了青海省西宁市与海西蒙古族藏族自治州天峻县夏、冬两季大气中BDE-209与DP的水平.结果表明,青海省西宁市夏、冬两季大气中BDE-209的平均水平分别为370 pg·m-3、470 pg·m-3,天峻县为220 pg·m-3、390 pg·m-3,与其他城市和地区相比,属于水平较高的地区.而西宁市大气中DP的平均水平为0.85 pg·m-3、0.25 pg·m-3,天峻县为0.24 pg·m-3、0.16 pg·m-3,西宁市水平高于天峻县,夏季水平高于冬季,与其他地区相比,青海省DP整体水平较低.西宁市与天峻县DP的同分异构体中,anti-DP所占比例分别是0.66±0.04与0.68±0.06,在时间与时空上的变化均不明显.青海省BDE-209与DP呈现弱的负相关性,说明两种污染物在青海省可能没有相同的本地源.     

Top-runner incentive scheme in China: a theoretical and empirical study for industrial pollution control

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Pollution control policies have achieved remarkable results in China. However, industrial firms still lack enthusiasm for technological innovation to...     

Report: transboundary hazardous waste management. part II: performance auditing of treatment facilities in importing countries.

Before implementing the self-monitoring model programme of the Basel Convention in the Asia, Taiwan has conducted a comprehensive 4-year follow-up project to visit the governmental authorities and waste-disposal facilities in the countries that import waste from Taiwan. A total of nine treatment facilities, six of which are reported in this paper, and the five countries where the plants are located were visited in 2001-2002. France, Belgium and Finland primarily handled polychlorinated biphenyl capacitors, steel mill dust and metal waste. The United States accepted metal sludge, mainly electroplating sludge, from Taiwan. Waste printed circuit boards, waste wires and cables, and a mixture of waste metals and electronics were the major items exported to China. Relatively speaking, most treatment plants for hazardous waste paid close attention to environmental management, such as pollution control and monitoring, site zoning, system management regarding occupational safety and hygiene, data management, permits application, and image promotion. Under the tight restrictions formulated by the central environment agency, waste treatment plants in China managed the environmental issues seriously. For example, one of the treatment plants had ISO 14001 certification. It is believed that with continuous implementation of regulations, more improvement is foreseeable. Meanwhile, Taiwan and China should also continuously enhance their collaboration regarding the transboundary management of hazardous waste.