Study on the indoor volatile organic compound treatment and performance assessment with TiO2/MCM-41 and TiO2/quartz photoreactor under ultraviolet irradiation

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the cause of indoor air pollution and are readily emitted from furniture and cleaning agents. In Taiwan, the concentrations of indoor VOCs range roughly from 1 to 10 ppm. It is important to effectively reduce indoor VOC emissions and establish the implementation of long-term, low-cost, controlled techniques such as those found in the ultraviolet/titanium dioxide (UV/TiO2) control systems. This study evaluates the performance of a photoreactor activated by visible irradiation and packed with TiO2/quartz or TiO2/mobile catalytic material number 41 (MCM-41). The photocatalysts tested include commercial TiO2 (Degussa P-25) and synthesized TiO2 with a modified sol-gel process. The UV light had a wavelength of 365 nm and contained an 8-W, low-pressure mercury lamp. Reactants and products were analyzed quantitatively by using gas chromatography with a flame-ionization detector. It is important to understand the influence of such operational parameters, such as concentration of pollutant, temperature, and retention time of processing. The indoor concentrations of VOCs varied from 2 to 10 ppm. Additionally, the temperatures ranged from 15 to 35 degrees C and the retention time tested from 2 to 8.2 sec. The results show that quartz with TiO2 had a better photoreductive efficiency than quartz with MCM-41. The toluene degradation efficiency of 77.4% with UV/TiO2/quartz was larger than that of 54.4% with the UV/TiO2/MCM-41 system under 10-min reaction time. The degradation efficiency of the UV/TiO2 system decreased with the increasing concentrations of indoor VOCs. The toluene degradation efficiency at 2 ppm was approximately 5 times greater than that at 10 ppm. The photoreduction rate of the VOCs was also evaluated with the Langmuir-Hinshewood model and was shown to be pseudo-first-order kinetics.     

Hydrochemistry of urban groundwater, Seoul, Korea: the impact of subway tunnels on groundwater quality

Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical data for subway tunnel seepage waters in Seoul (Republic of Korea) were examined to understand the effect of underground tunnels on the degradation of urban groundwater. A very large quantity of groundwater (up to 63 million m³ year^− 1) is discharged into subway tunnels with a total length of 287 km, resulting in a significant drop of the local groundwater table and the abandonment of groundwater wells. For the tunnel seepage water samples (n = 72) collected from 43 subway stations, at least one parameter among pathogenic microbes (total coliform, heterotrophic bacteria), dissolved Mn and Fe, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, turbidity, and color exceeded the Korean Drinking Water Standards. Locally, tunnel seepage water was enriched in dissolved Mn (avg. 0.70 mg L^− 1, max. 5.58 mg L^− 1), in addition to dissolved Fe, NH₄⁺, and pathogenic microbes, likely due to significant inflow of sewage water from broken or leaking sewer pipes.Geochemical modeling of redox reactions was conducted to simulate the characteristic hydrochemistry of subway tunnel seepage. The results show that variations in the reducing conditions occur in urban groundwater, dependent upon the amount of organic matter-rich municipal sewage contaminating the aquifer. The organic matter facilitates the reduction and dissolution of Mn- and Fe-bearing solids in aquifers and/or tunnel construction materials, resulting in the successive increase of dissolved Mn and Fe. The present study clearly demonstrates that locally significant deterioration of urban groundwater is caused by a series of interlinked hydrogeologic and hydrochemical changes induced by underground tunnels.     

Mass balance-based regression modeling of Cd and Zn accumulation in urban soils of Beijing

Accumulation of heavy metals in urban soil can pose adverse impacts on public health and terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a mass balance-based regression model to simulate the heavy metal accumulation in urban soils as a function of time and to explore connections between metal concentration and urbanization processes. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in 68 residential soil samples in the urban area of Beijing were used. The background concentrations, the loss rates and the input fluxes of Cd and Zn in urban soils of Beijing during the last three decades were estimated using a regression of the time series of accumulations of the metals. Based on the regression estimates, we simulated the general trends of Cd and Zn accumulation in the soils from 1978 to 2078. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil generally increased with the population growth, vehicle use and coal consumption. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil of Beijing would increase by 3 fold over the next 70 years for the current development scenario. The mass balance-based regression approach, which is able to reconstruct the history data of urban soil pollution, provides fundamental information for urban planning and environmental management.     

生态床系统处理生活污泥的研究

利用天然沸石和砾石作为生态床系统的人工基质 ,在相同条件下对某生活污水厂污泥进行处理 ,结果表明 ,大多数天然沸石生态床系统对生活污泥的处理效果优于砾石生态床系统     

ABR处理大豆蛋白废水的效能及微生物群落动态分析

为考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理大豆蛋白生产废水的效能及其运行特征,采用有效容积为28 L的四格室ABR,通过为期100 d的运行,研究了基于进水COD浓度提高的有机负荷(OLR)改变对其处理效能的影响,并以真细菌的通用引物SRV3-2P和BSF8/20,通过单链构象多态性(SSCP)和UPGMA群落聚类分析,对反应器运行过程中微生物菌落结构的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,以啤酒厂二沉池排放的好氧剩余污泥为种泥.在污泥接种量MLVSS为18.0 g·L-1、进水COD浓度2 000mg·L-1、HRT 39.5 h、(35±1)℃等条件下,可在31 d内成功启动ABR并达到初步稳定运行,COD去除率达到96%左右;ABR具有较强的抗OLR冲击能力,当OLR由1.2 kg·(m3·d)-1逐步提高到6.0 kg·(m3·d)-1时,ABR仍能实现安全稳定运行,其COD去除率可以稳定在98%左右;OLR的改变,对ABR内微生物群落的结构以及不同微生物类群在各格室中的分布具有显著影响,随着OLR的逐步提高,ABR各格室微生物的遗传距离逐渐拉大.特异性随之增加,表现出显著的生物相分离特征.     

河道硬化对傍河地下水源补给结构及范围的影响

为研究傍河地下水的水均衡状况,以及傍河水源井群补给范围受河道硬化的影响,选取张家口盆地的Y傍河地下水源地为研究对象.采用数值模拟法建立研究区地下水数值模型,通过水均衡分析探究河道硬化对傍河地下水水均衡状况造成的影响;利用MODPATH对水源井群进行质点反向示踪模拟,获得井口质点向前追踪1 000 d的补给范围,对比水源井群补给范围并结合历史与近期水质数据分析河道硬化造成的影响.结果表明:①傍河地下水水均衡情况显示,主要的补给项为边界流入和降雨入渗,二者补给量分别为208.04×103与35.91×103 m3/d,占比分别为82.88%与14.31%;主要的排泄项为边界流出与地下水开采,二者排泄量分别为152.12×103与95.40×103 m3/d,占比分别为60.60%与38.01%.②河道硬化对傍河地下水水均衡的影响表现为河水对地下水的入渗量减少了46.79×103 m3/d,入渗量减幅为86.91%,且地下水停止了对河水的排泄,补给范围地下水水位下降了2~6 m.③河道硬化对傍河水源井群补给范围的影响表现为井群1 000 d的补给范围沿河流方向上减少了271 m,垂直河流的最宽距离增加了210 m,面积增加了0.77 km2,补给区域向远离河岸的方向发生偏移.④河道硬化对傍河地下水水质影响表现为河道硬化后傍河地下水pH、总硬度、氨氮浓度等均下降,有效减少了地表水污染物的入渗,但地下水的化学环境发生改变,潜在风险增加.研究显示,河道硬化极大地阻碍了河流与地下水之间的相互作用,严重影响了傍河地下水源的补给量和补给范围,使水源井群的补给区域发生偏移,给傍河地下水水源安全带来新的潜在风险.      

陶粒固定化脱氮菌群对景观水中NO3--N的去除

以陶粒为载体对脱氮菌群进行固定化,并对ρ(NO3--N)较高的景观水进行模拟脱氮试验;同时比较了陶粒和海绵作为载体的固定化脱氮菌群在室温保存过程中脱氮活性的变化.结果表明,陶粒固定化脱氮菌群可以在短时间内有效去除景观水体中的NO3--N;模拟景观水试验处理2 d后,NO3--N的去除率为98.1%,TN的去除率为91.5%;试验第3～10天ρ(NO3--N)、ρ(TN)一直保持稳定,说明陶粒固定化脱氮菌群的作用具有一定的稳定性,不会出现ρ(NO3--N)波动现象.10 d后ρ(NO3--N)从初始的16.72 mgL降至0.19 mgL,NO3--N的去除率为98.8%;ρ(TN)从初始的17.89 mgL降至0.95mgL,TN的去除率为94.7%.分别将陶粒和海绵固定化脱氮菌群在室温下保存60 d后进行脱氮试验,NO3--N的去除率分别为99.8%、17.2%,说明在室温保存状态下陶粒固定化脱氮菌群能长时间保持脱氮活性.     

厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)在高浓度工业废水处理中的应用

介绍了一种新型的用于高浓度有机废水处理的EGSB反应器 ,该反应器的工艺特点包括反应器内部的生物相的分层 ,颗粒污泥的变速膨胀 ,以及高效的三相分离装置等。该反应器最高CODCr容积负荷可达到 2 5kg m3·d以上 ,最高进水CODCr浓度可达 30 0 0 0mg L以上。并介绍了几个应用该工艺的具有代表性的工程实例。     

高强铝合金海洋大气环境剥层腐蚀研究

通过7B04铝合金海洋大气环境户外和棚下暴露试验,研究了7B04铝合金的宏观/微观腐蚀特征及其对力学性能的影响。结果表明,7B04铝合金在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀表现为点蚀—晶间腐蚀—剥层腐蚀的规律,棚下暴露比户外暴露严重,反面暴露比正面暴露严重。同时,从显微组织、晶间电偶腐蚀、腐蚀产物＂楔入作用＂等方面剖析了7B04铝合金剥层腐蚀的机理。     

官厅水库入库水生物接触A/O工艺试验

试验表明,生物接触A/O工艺对官厅水库入库水中COD、氨氮等污染物有明显的去除效果,可以有效地改善官厅水库入库水的水质.在单位供气量(空气/氨氮)≥0.1L/mg,进水氨氮负荷≤0.08kg/(m³·d)的条件下,处理后出水COD稳定在30mg/L左右,氨氮去除率＞60%,TN的去除率为1.0%～31.3%.进水氨氮负荷是主要的控制参数,应控制在≤0.08kg/(m³·d).