风险管理标准化述评

针对近年来三个重要的风险管理国际标准化文件:Guide 73:2002,澳大利亚的风险管理标准AS/NZS 4360:2004和ISO/CD 31000,以及国际减灾理事会的白皮书,评述了国际标准化文件在风险管理过程环节的基本条款和管理框架.Guide 73指引了风险管理领域最基础的术语,对全球的风险管理制定出通用的语言.它强调对于安全领域,风险管理把焦点放在危害的预防和减轻;AS/NZS 4360明确地确定了相关风险管理的定义,解释了风险管理的程序,重点强调要控制风险产生的后果;ISO/CD 31000聚合了大约26个国家的知识和经验,关注组织建立风险管理流程和不断地进行审评的重要性;IRGC强调群体感知是风险管理的前提,只有当群体认知到可能存在风险时,才会有利于用自己的判断经验去进行风险识别、划分和评价风险,进行风险评估.最后述评了中国风险管理标准化的工作以及在国际风险管理标准化中的贡献.     

东北农牧交错带典型区土地利用变化及其生态效应

东北农牧交错带是典型的生态环境脆弱区，具有敏感性强、退化趋势明显等生态脆弱性特征。本文利用1986、2002年两期TM/ETM影像，揭示了吉林西部16年来土地利用／覆被的时空变化规律，并依据Costanza R．等人对全球生态系统服务价值的评估方法。分析了土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：16年来，吉林西部土地利用／覆被发生了剧烈变化。耕地、盐碱地面积大幅度增加，草地、水域和湿地的面积大幅度减少，区域生态系统服务功能出现明显的衰退。生态系统服务价值显著地减少。吉林西部生态系统服务价值由1986年的767．1亿元／a下降到2002年的624．1亿元／a，减少幅度达18．6％，年均递减速率达1．6％。16年来该区域生态环境恶化和以经济利益为目的的土地利用结构调整，给区域生态系统服务功能和可持续发展能力带来巨大负面影响。     

扬州市城区地表水底泥重金属污染现状与风险评价

对扬州市城区地表水底泥进行等距离布点采样.分析cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属的含量,并应用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:4种重金属的潜在生态风险由高到低的顺序为Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn,其中Cd的潜在生态风险程度已达很强;扬州市城区地表水底泥重金属潜在生态风险程度为强.各条河流底泥重金属潜在生态风险程度由强到弱顺序为古运河>二道河>宝带河>小秦淮河>新城河>水院池塘(对照);从空间上看,扬州市城区东部的地表水底泥重金属潜在生态风险程度高于西部,北部高于南部.     

DGGE、T-RFLP 、LH-PCR对两种活性污泥的微生物种群多样性分析的比较

采用基于PCR扩增的分子生态技术DGGE、T-RFLP和LH-PCR,对2种典型污水处理系统中的活性污泥（生活污泥、焦化污泥）进行微生物种群多样性分析;并以此比较3种技术的优劣,提出不同应用条件下研究方法的选择依据。根据实验结果：DGGE得到的条带较多,但误差来源也最多;T-RFLP技术较为灵敏,但需要选择适当的内切酶,严格控制酶切条件,并且文库比对误差较大;而LH-PCR操作简单,结果稳定性较高。虽然目前尚无法判断3种方法的准确性,但LH-PCR在活性污泥的微生物种群多样性分析中已显示出潜在优势。     

River channel network design for drought and flood control: A case study of Xiaoqinghe River basin, Jinan City, China

Vulnerability of river channels to urbanization has been lessened by the extensive construction of artificial water control improvements. The challenge, however, is that traditional engineering practices on isolated parts of a river may disturb the hydrologic continuity and interrupt the natural state of ecosystems. Taking the Xiaoqinghe River basin as a whole, we developed a river channel network design to mitigate river risks while sustaining the river in a state as natural as possible. The river channel risk from drought during low-flow periods and flood during high-flow periods as well as the potential for water diversion were articulated in detail. On the basis of the above investigation, a network with “nodes” and “edges” could be designed to relieve drought hazard and flood risk respectively. Subsequently, the shortest path algorithm in the graph theory was applied to optimize the low-flow network by searching for the shortest path. The effectiveness assessment was then performed for the low-flow and high-flow networks, respectively. For the former, the network connectedness was evaluated by calculating the “gamma index of connectivity” and “alpha index of circuitry”; for the latter, the ratio of flood-control capacity to projected flood level was devised and calculated. Results show that the design boosted network connectivity and circuitry during the low-flow periods, indicating a more fluent flow pathway, and reduced the flood risk during the high-flow periods.     

联合生物法处理炼油厂含油污泥的研究

大港石化公司采用联合生物法处理含油污泥,对使用好氧、厌氧工艺处理含油污泥的结果进行了探讨。实验结果表明:先进行好氧处理然后脱水再进行厌氧堆肥工艺处理含油污泥,除油率达到97.6%,除磷、钾的指标低于《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB8172-87)的要求外,其他指标均符合该标准要求,且避免了二次污染。     

以人为本 开创高校工会工作新局面

认真落实科学发展观,以科学发展观统领工会工作,必须体现在党对工会工作的要求上,体现在准确全面履行好工会的职责上,从而充分发挥工会在支持改革开放、促进经济发展、推动社会进步中的积极作用。     

废聚碳酸酯水解法制双酚A

以1,4-二氧六环为溶剂、NaOH为催化剂,采用废聚碳酸酯(PC)常压水解法制双酚A(BPA).对反应影响因素进行了研究.实验结果表明,在反应温度为100℃、反应时间为8h、m(NaOH):m(水+溶剂)=1:33、m(溶剂):m(PC)=4:1、m(水):m(PC)=1:1的最佳反应条件下,PC水解率大于98%,BPA收率大于95%.     

Methanolysis and Hydrolysis of Polycarbonate Under Moderate Conditions

Alkali-catalyzed methanolysis and hydrolysis of polycarbonate (PC) in a solvent in which PC can substantially dissolve such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and so on were studied. Reaction conditions were optimized for the purpose of recycling PC in the form of bisphenol A and carbon carbonate. The results showed that both the methanolysis and hydrolysis of PC could take place under moderate conditions. Under the conditions of reaction temperature 40 °C, m(PC):m(MeOH) = 1:1, m(PC):m(NaOH) = 50:1, reaction time 35 min and using tetrahydrofuran as solvent, the methanolysis conversion of PC was almost 100% and the yield of bisphenol A was over 95%. Moreover, under the conditions of reaction temperature 100 °C, m(PC):m(H₂O) = 1:0.7, m(PC):m(NaOH) = 10:1, reaction time 8 h and using 1,4-dioxane as solvent, the hydrolysis conversion of PC was almost 100% and the yield of bisphenol A was over 94%.     

小车式开关柜内接头过热故障与预防

近年来,小车式开关柜得到广泛的应用。本文通过对小车式开关柜的运行现状与接头过热故障的分析,指出了造成此类故障的主要原因,并对预防此类故障的方法进行了研究、分析,最后指出了可行、实用的监视方法。该方法在电网中的推广应用具有一定的意义。