散装液体危化品码头的污染原因分析及防控对策

介绍了液体危化品的特点,对散装液体危化品码头的污染原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的防控对策,为确保码头安全稳定运行提供了保障.     

生物曝气滤池治理医院污水实例及运行管理

废水经格栅去除杂物后,用潜污泵抽至斜板沉淀池,同时加入去磷剂,出水自流进入曝气生物滤池,DO控制在3-5 mg/l,出水进入清水池后再进入消毒池,二氧化氯加入量为30 g/M3 废水,停留时间1.5 h.曝气生物滤池12～24小时进行反冲洗一次,反冲洗出水再返回调节池、斜板沉淀池每天排泥一次,排入污泥沉淀池,其上清液进入调节池,剩余污泥定期消毒后环卫清污车运走.经处理后水质达到(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准.以曝气生物滤池为主工艺处理医院污水,工艺可靠、出水稳定,但必须按严格的管理程序、即质量测试、操作设备、工艺技术管理环节,同时设备必须一年进行一次大修,处理后水质稳定达标排放是可行的. 控制在3-5 mg/l,出水进入清水池后再进入消毒池,二氧化氯加入量为30 g/M3 废水,停留时间1.5 h.曝气生物滤池12～24小时进行反冲洗一次,反冲洗出水再返回调节池、斜板沉淀池每天排泥一次,排入污泥沉淀池,其上清液进入调节池,剩余污泥定期消毒后环卫清污车运走.经处理后水质达到(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准.以曝气生物滤池为主工艺处理医院污水,工艺可靠、出水稳定,但必须按严格的管理程序、即质量测试、 作设备、工艺技术管理环节,同时设备必须一年进行一次大修,处理     

中国环境影响评价管理的现状、问题及展望

文章在客观分析中国环境影响评价的发展历史、现有法规体系、管理体制和主要成绩的基础上,指出了环境影响评价管理中存在的规划环评滞后、监管环节薄弱、公众参与不足以及队伍能力欠缺等主要问题。结合中国环境影响评价管理的特点和相关领域的发展变化,对未来环境影响评价工作的开展进行了展望。认为应该重点加强四个方面的工作,即通过确立环境目标来促进经济增长方式的转变,通过完善空间规划体系为规划环评提供基本依据,通过加强环境监管来促进环保措施落实,通过加强队伍能力建设来提高环评质量。     

Effects of the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment in China

In 1999 China adopted the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" (CCFGP), a nationwide ecological recovery program, to minimize wide-scale soil erosion and vegetation degradation in China, as well as to improve water budgeting results. In the 10 yr since implementation, the CCFGP has resulted in the recovery and reforestation of >100,000 km of cropland and bare land, though the quantitative effect of this program on catchment water budget is not entirely clear. Therefore, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to evaluate and quantify the effects of the CCFGP on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment, a tributary of the Yellow River covering the central region of the Loess Plateau. Our results indicated that precipitation had dropped by 12.0% from the 1970s (611.6 mm) to the 2000s (538 mm) and that there was a corresponding 25.2% decrease in humidity index from 0.48 to 0.36. Before the CCFGP's implementation, forest and grassland had been decreasing, while bare land, cropland, and shrub land had been increasing. After the implementation of the CCFGP, the opposite trend was observed. Moreover, streamflow increased by about 15 and 20% for the upstream and middle stream subbasins, respectively, while soil water content also showed an obvious increase. Over the same period, evapotranspiration decreased by 5.2 and 13.5 mm and runoff decreased by 37.5 and 38.6% in the two subbasins. The same trends were obtained in the downstream subbasin, where changes were even greater. As a result of the reduced runoff and evapotranspiration, utilization of water resources was more efficient and ecological environment was improved under the CCFGP policy. Our results indicate the CCFGP resulted in a favorable ecological impact and should therefore be maintained.     

季节性雪被对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响

依据自然雪被分布的差异,在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸中设置3条样带(即深雪、中等厚度雪被和浅雪),于2008年的秋冬过渡期,连续监测各样带中的雪被厚度和土壤温度,并采用原位培养法测定每月的土壤氮素氨化、硝化和矿化速率,以研究不同厚度雪被对高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响.结果表明,月均土温、每月日最高土温均值分别与雪被厚度极显著相关,二次函数关系拟合较好(R2=0.576,0.685),且根据每月日最高土温均值与雪被厚度的二次函数关系方程可知,25 cm厚的雪被可以起到较好的隔绝效果;土壤含水量受雪被厚度和土壤温差两个因素的显著影响.在秋冬过渡期末,浅雪梯度下土壤硝态氮含量显著降低,且雪被下的净氮矿化速率与月均土温、每月日最高土温均值、每月日最低土温均值都分别呈极显著相关,二次函数关系拟合较好(R2=0.589,0.541,0.601).研究表明,不同厚度的雪被对土壤温度和含水量影响显著,从而显著地影响着土壤氮的矿化,深雪更有利于氨化、硝化和氮矿化.图7表2参36     

(N-[2-(2-氧-1-咪唑烷基)乙基]-N '-苯基脲(EDU)对环境臭氧胁迫下的水稻和小麦生长的影响

通过对作物定期喷施不同浓度(0、150、300和450 mg·L-1)的N-[2-(2-氧-1-咪唑烷基)乙基]-N'-苯基脲(ethy lenediurea,EDU)溶液,研究EDU对环境O3胁迫下水稻“粤晶丝苗2号”(Oryza sativa L.Yuejingsi 2)和小麦“北农9549”(Triticum a...     

硫酸锰废渣浸出液对斑马鱼的毒性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

已有研究表明,堆积在湘西花垣河河岸的硫酸锰废渣含有多种重金属,可能是导致花垣河河水和沉积物重金属污染的主要原因.为了评价硫酸锰废渣的潜在生态风险和对水生动物的毒性,本研究分析了硫酸锰废渣浸出液中的主要重金属成分,用漫出液对斑马鱼进行了急性毒性实验,观察在急性胁迫下斑马鱼的体征变化,测定了斑马鱼在亚致死浓度下的生化指标的...     

Matrix-bound phosphine and phosphorus fractions in paddy soils

Phosphine (PH(3)) is a natural gaseous carrier of phosphorus (P) in its geochemical cycles, and it might be important to the P balance of natural ecosystems. Paddy fields are thought to be one of the main sources responsible for the production and emission of PH(3) in to the environment. The relationships between matrix-bound PH(3) (MBP) and different P fractions, as well as selected metals were investigated to explore the possible production of MBP and its link to P cycle in the paddy soils. MBP range from 20.8 (-1) to 502 ng kg(-1) with an average of 145 ng kg(-1). Concentrations at the milk stage are significantly higher than at the jointing stage. The total P range from 333 mg kg(-1) to 592 mg kg(-1). Average P fractions decrease in the order: Ca-P (69.9%) > Organic P (16.5%) > occluded P (6.50%) > Fe-P (5.93%) > dissolved P (0.80%) > exchangeable P (0.32%) > Al-P (0.02%). Different levels of nitrogen fertilizer have little effect on the contents of MBP, P fractions and metals. A significant positive correlation between MBP and Ca-P (p = 0.002), as well as between MBP and Ca (p = 0.008) could be observed, suggesting that Ca-P mainly affects the production of MBP in the paddy soils. It is suggested that soil MBP is strongly linked to Ca-P fertilizer use because soil spiked with P-fertilizer produced an additional 758 ± 142 ng of MBP per kg of soil, compared to only 81.7 ± 12.3 ng of MBP per kg of unspiked soil. No correlations are found between MBP and other P fractions, or between MBP and Al, Fe and Mn.     

基于多态模糊BN的石化动设备故障概率定量风险评估

石化行业的压缩机、泵等动设备故障模式多样,故障概率的不确定性较大,常用的风险评估方法无法实现对石化行业动设备失效概率的定量评估,限制了设备安全管理的准确性和有效性。基于贝叶斯网络(BN)可定量计算复杂系统失效概率的特点,利用故障模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法获取动设备风险事件的因果关系,将其映射为BN,并利用BN中节点的多态性,表征动设备子系统及零部件故障模式的多样性;利用模糊概率子集替代边缘概率精确值,表征了动设备零部件故障概率的不确定性,并提出可行的条件概率判断方法,从而形成了石化行业动设备失效概率的定量评估方法;最后以某站场的往复式压缩机为例,对建立的定量风险评估方法进行了实例应用。结果表明:气阀和气缸出现半故障的失效概率较大,分别为0.0040和0.0045;该类型压缩机故障时,阀片或弹簧损坏和轴瓦松动的可能性较大,其后验概率分别为1.15×10^-5和9.92×10^-6,符合实际情况,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Fabrication and characterization of lightweight aggregate prepared from steel mill sludge in one step

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The qualified green lightweight aggregate (LWA) was successfully prepared from steel mill sludge (SMS) and fly ash (FAS) in one step using the...