全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3532篇 |
免费 | 202篇 |
国内免费 | 19篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 205篇 |
废物处理 | 216篇 |
环保管理 | 705篇 |
综合类 | 301篇 |
基础理论 | 859篇 |
环境理论 | 5篇 |
污染及防治 | 974篇 |
评价与监测 | 264篇 |
社会与环境 | 148篇 |
灾害及防治 | 76篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 25篇 |
2022年 | 49篇 |
2021年 | 63篇 |
2020年 | 44篇 |
2019年 | 74篇 |
2018年 | 98篇 |
2017年 | 93篇 |
2016年 | 141篇 |
2015年 | 117篇 |
2014年 | 168篇 |
2013年 | 513篇 |
2012年 | 185篇 |
2011年 | 212篇 |
2010年 | 180篇 |
2009年 | 154篇 |
2008年 | 202篇 |
2007年 | 173篇 |
2006年 | 188篇 |
2005年 | 123篇 |
2004年 | 110篇 |
2003年 | 117篇 |
2002年 | 131篇 |
2001年 | 66篇 |
2000年 | 45篇 |
1999年 | 44篇 |
1998年 | 32篇 |
1997年 | 19篇 |
1996年 | 22篇 |
1995年 | 35篇 |
1994年 | 26篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 22篇 |
1990年 | 22篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 21篇 |
1981年 | 25篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1964年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有3753条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
891.
Canopy-forming shrubs are reported to be increasing at sites around the circumpolar Arctic. Our results indicate expansion
in canopy cover and height of willows on Herschel Island located at 70° north on the western Arctic coast of the Yukon Territory.
We examined historic photographs, repeated vegetation surveys, and conducted monitoring of long-term plots and found evidence
of increases of each of the dominant canopy-forming willow species (Salix richardsonii, Salix glauca and Salix pulchra), during the twentieth century. A simple model of patch initiation indicates that the majority of willow patches for each
of these species became established between 1910 and 1960, with stem ages and maximum growth rates indicating that some patches
could have established as late as the 1980s. Collectively, these results suggest that willow species are increasing in canopy
cover and height on Herschel Island. We did not find evidence that expansion of willow patches is currently limited by herbivory,
disease, or growing conditions. 相似文献
892.
The impairment of root growth and photosynthetical functioning are the main impacts of trace elements on woody plant seedlings. In this work, we assessed the response of Holm oak (Quercusilex subsp. ballota) and mastic shrub (Pistacia lentiscus) seedlings to high concentrations of Cd and Tl in the rhizosphere. These are non-essential trace elements, with a potential high mobility in the soil-plant system. Seedlings of these species are frequently used in the afforestation of degraded soils in mining areas. Plants were exposed to different levels of Cd (20, 80 and 200 mg L−1) and Tl (2, 10 and 20 mg L−1) in a sand culture. Biomass allocation, growth rates, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange were studied. Both metals affected root biomass. Cadmium produced an increase in the root mass ratio and a decrease in the specific leaf area of the plants in oak seedlings, while Tl did not provoke such response. Mastic plants were more sensitive to Tl and Cd than oak plants. Between elements, Tl provoked more severe toxic effects in the plants, affecting the antennae complexes and reaction centers of the photosystem II. Both elements decreased net assimilation rates (down to a 20% of the control plants) and stomatal conductance (5-10% of the values for the control plants). Cadmium was highly retained in the roots of both species, while Tl was highly translocated into the leaves. In general, Holm oak showed a higher tolerance for Cd than for Tl, and a higher resistance to both metals than mastic shrub, due to a high capacity for Cd retention at the root level. However, such accumulation in roots may induce water stress in the seedling exposed to Cd. 相似文献
893.
We determined total mercury (Hg) concentrations in 50 female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and 69 male lake trout from Lake Ontario (Ontario, Canada and New York, United States). Results showed that, on average, males were 8% higher in Hg concentration than females in Lake Ontario. We also used bioenergetics modeling to determine whether a sexual difference in gross growth efficiency (GGE) could explain the observed sexual difference in Hg concentrations. According to the bioenergetics modeling results, male GGE was about 3% higher than female GGE, on average. Although the bioenergetics modeling could not explain the higher Hg concentrations exhibited by the males, a sexual difference in GGE remained a plausible explanation for the sexual difference in Hg concentrations of the lake trout. In an earlier study, male lake trout from Lake Ontario were found to be 22% higher in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration than females from Lake Ontario. Thus, although males were higher in both Hg and PCB concentrations, the degree of the sexual difference in concentration varied between the two contaminants. Further research on sexual differences in Hg excretion rates and Hg direct uptake rates may be needed to resolve the disparity in results between the two contaminants. 相似文献
894.
In 2007, a program was initiated to monitor air levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and bioaerosols in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) (Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain). To investigate the temporal trends of chemical and microbiological pollutants, four 6-monthly campaigns were performed. Air samples were collected at different distances and directions from the facility, as well as in reference sites. In general terms, the concentrations of microbiological agents were very similar to those found in urban zones worldwide. The seasonal evaluation of the results showed higher levels of gram-negative bacteria in winter, contrasting with the increase of the airborne amount of total bacteria in summer. On the other hand, the concentrations of VOCs (mean range: 7.6-18.2 μgm−3) were typical of suburban zones. The current exposure to those compounds should not mean additional health risks for the population living nearby. 相似文献
895.
Craig F. Aumack Charles D. Amsler James B. McClintock Bill J. Baker 《Marine Biology》2011,158(8):1879-1885
Amphipods along the western Antarctic Peninsula appear to gain refuge from predators by associating with chemically defended
macroalgae rather than palatable macroalgae. However, nothing is known about amphipod activity at night. If foraging on non-chemically
defended macroalgae regularly occurs, then nocturnal foraging seems beneficial since visual predators are disadvantaged. To
test this hypothesis, we collected three common macroalgal species and affiliated mesograzers, approximately 3 h before and
after sunset. All associated mesofauna were counted and densities recorded. Amphipod densities were significantly decreased
during the night on the chemically defended Desmarestia menziesii, while significantly increased on the palatable Iridaea cordata. Additionally, the amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica was found in significantly higher densities at night on Palmaria decipiens, a species shown to be readily eaten by G. antarctica and omnivorous fish. We believe that chemically defended macroalgae act as a refuge for mesograzers during the day, while
more widespread foraging occurs at night. 相似文献
896.
DAVID A. FEARY JOSHUA E. CINNER NICHOLAS A. J. GRAHAM FRASER A. JANUCHOWSKI‐HARTLEY 《Conservation biology》2011,25(2):341-349
Abstract: Customary management systems (i.e., management systems that limit the use of marine resources), such as rotational fisheries closures, can limit harvest of resources. Nevertheless, the explicit goals of customary management are often to influence fish behavior (in particular flight distance, i.e., distance at which an organism begins to flee an approaching threat), rather than fish abundance. We explored whether the flight distance of reef fishes targeted by local artisanal fishers differed between a customary closure and fished reefs. We also examined whether flight distance of these species affected fishing success and accuracy of underwater visual census (UVC) between customary closed areas and areas open to fishing. Several species demonstrated significant differences in flight distance between areas, indicating that fishing activity may increase flight distance. These relatively long flight distances mean that in fished areas most target species may stay out of the range of spear fishers. In addition, mean flight distances for all species both inside and outside the customary‐closure area were substantially smaller than the observation distance of an observer conducting a belt‐transect UVC (mean [SE]= 8.8 m [0.48]). For targeted species that showed little ability to evade spear fishers, customary closures may be a vital management technique. Our results show that customary closures can have a substantial, positive effect on resource availability and that conventional UVC techniques may be insensitive to changes in flight behavior of fishes associated with fishing. We argue that short, periodic openings of customary closures may allow the health of the fish community to be maintained and local fishers to effectively harvest fishes. 相似文献
897.
MURRAY A. RUDD KAREN F. BEAZLEY STEVEN J. COOKE ERICA FLEISHMAN DANIEL E. LANE MICHAEL B. MASCIA ROBIN ROTH GARY TABOR JISELLE A. BAKKER TERESA BELLEFONTAINE DOMINIQUE BERTEAUX BERNARD CANTIN KEITH G. CHAULK KATHRYN CUNNINGHAM ROD DOBELL ELEANOR FAST NADIA FERRARA C. SCOTT FINDLAY LARS K. HALLSTROM THOMAS HAMMOND LUISE HERMANUTZ JEFFREY A. HUTCHINGS KATHRYN E. LINDSAY TIM J. MARTA VIVIAN M. NGUYEN GREG NORTHEY KENT PRIOR SAUDIEL RAMIREZ‐SANCHEZ JAKE RICE DARREN J. H. SLEEP NORA D. SZABO GENEVIÈVE TROTTIER JEAN‐PATRICK TOUSSAINT JEAN‐PHILIPPE VEILLEUX 《Conservation biology》2011,25(3):476-484
Abstract: Integrating knowledge from across the natural and social sciences is necessary to effectively address societal tradeoffs between human use of biological diversity and its preservation. Collaborative processes can change the ways decision makers think about scientific evidence, enhance levels of mutual trust and credibility, and advance the conservation policy discourse. Canada has responsibility for a large fraction of some major ecosystems, such as boreal forests, Arctic tundra, wetlands, and temperate and Arctic oceans. Stressors to biological diversity within these ecosystems arise from activities of the country's resource‐based economy, as well as external drivers of environmental change. Effective management is complicated by incongruence between ecological and political boundaries and conflicting perspectives on social and economic goals. Many knowledge gaps about stressors and their management might be reduced through targeted, timely research. We identify 40 questions that, if addressed or answered, would advance research that has a high probability of supporting development of effective policies and management strategies for species, ecosystems, and ecological processes in Canada. A total of 396 candidate questions drawn from natural and social science disciplines were contributed by individuals with diverse organizational affiliations. These were collaboratively winnowed to 40 by our team of collaborators. The questions emphasize understanding ecosystems, the effects and mitigation of climate change, coordinating governance and management efforts across multiple jurisdictions, and examining relations between conservation policy and the social and economic well‐being of Aboriginal peoples. The questions we identified provide potential links between evidence from the conservation sciences and formulation of policies for conservation and resource management. Our collaborative process of communication and engagement between scientists and decision makers for generating and prioritizing research questions at a national level could be a model for similar efforts beyond Canada. 相似文献
898.
Irrigation with treated wastewaters as an alternative in countries with severe water shortage may influence the sorption of pesticides and their environmental effects, as wastewater contains higher concentrations of suspended and dissolved organic matter and inorganic compounds than freshwater. We have examined the sorption behaviour of three highly hydrophobic pesticides (the herbicide pendimethalin and the insecticides α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin) on a Mediterranean agricultural soil using the batch equilibration method. We considered wastewater, extracts from urban sewage sludge with different dissolved organic carbon contents, and inorganic salt solutions, using Milli Q water as a control. All pesticides were strongly retained by soil although some sorption occurred on the walls of the laboratory containers, especially when wastewater and inorganic salt solutions were used. The calculation of distribution constants by measuring pesticide concentrations in soil and solution indicated that pendimethalin sorption was not affected whereas α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin retention were significantly enhanced (ca. 5 and 2 times, respectively) when wastewater or salt solutions were employed. We therefore conclude that the increased sorption of the two pesticides caused by wastewater cannot be only the result of its dissolved organic carbon content, but also of the simultaneous presence of inorganic salts in the solution. 相似文献
899.
Arantza Murillas‐Maza Jorge Virto María Carmen Gallastegui Pilar González Javier Fernández‐Macho 《Natural resources forum》2011,35(2):122-133
Valuing goods and services from open oceans provides arguments for the ocean's protection and plays an increasingly important role in debates on the use and management of natural resources. This paper identifies and estimates the monetary value of some of the most important goods and services provided by open oceans. The list of goods and services considered includes food production, raw materials, water supply, CO2 regulation, bioremediation of waste, biomass and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, not only values associated with productive uses are quantified but also values assigned to other biological ecosystem services. This paper constitutes a first attempt in the open ocean literature at evaluating services such as water supply, biomass and biodiversity conservation. To obtain their monetary value, different techniques, some not applied before in this area, have been used depending on the ecosystem service to be evaluated. As a general criterion we use the concept of net value added (revenues obtained from the services less incurred costs). Our methodology is illustrated by estimating the monetary values of goods and services provided by the open ocean ecosystem of Spain as defined by its exclusive economic zone. The total economic value obtained measures the contribution of oceans to overall welfare and it may be an important instrument in managing open ocean ecosystems and developing environmental policies in the future. 相似文献
900.
Allocation of supplementary aeration stations in the Chicago waterway system for dissolved oxygen improvement 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The Chicago Waterway System (CWS), used mainly for commercial and recreational navigation and for urban drainage, is a 122.8 km branching network of navigable waterways controlled by hydraulic structures. The CWS receives pollutant loads from 3 of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the world, nearly 240 gravity Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO), 3 CSO pumping stations, direct diversions from Lake Michigan, and eleven tributary streams or drainage areas. Even though treatment plant effluent concentrations meet the applicable standards and most reaches of the CWS meet the applicable water quality standards, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) standards are not met in the CWS during some periods. A Use Attainability Analysis was initiated to evaluate what water quality standards can be achieved in the CWS. The UAA team identified several DO improvement alternatives including new supplementary aeration stations. Because of the dynamic nature of the CWS, the DUFLOW model that is capable of simulating hydraulics and water quality processes under unsteady-flow conditions was used to evaluate the effectiveness of new supplementary aeration stations. This paper details the use of the DUFLOW model to size and locate supplementary aeration stations. In order to determine the size and location of supplemental aeration stations, 90% compliance with a 5 mg/l DO standard was used as a planning target. The simulations showed that a total of four new supplementary aeration stations with oxygen supply capacities ranging from 30 to 80 g/s would be sufficient to meet the proposed target DO concentration for the North Branch and South Branch of the Chicago River. There are several aeration technologies, two of which are already being used in the CWS, available and the UAA team determined that the total capital costs of the alternatives range from $35.5 to $89.9 million with annual operations and maintenance costs ranging from $554,000 to $2.14 million. Supplemental aeration stations have been shown to be a potentially effective means to improve DO concentrations in the CWS and will be included in developing an integrated strategy for improving water quality in the CWS. 相似文献