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961.
Charles McDade Ivar Tombach Christian Seigneur Peter K. Mueller Pradeep Saxena 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):826-834
ABSTRACT A study was conducted to estimate the changes in wintertime visual air quality in Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) that might occur due to proposed reductions in SO2 emissions at two steam electric generating plants in eastern Texas, each over 100 km from the city. To provide information for designing subsequent investigations, the haze was characterized broadly during the first year of the study. Meteorological data acquired then demonstrated that, during haze episodes, emissions from only one of the two plants were likely to be transported directly to DFW. Therefore, the second year of the study was centered on just one of the power plants. Air quality was then characterized within the urban area and at rural locations that would be upwind and downwind of the plant during transport to DFW. An instrumented aircraft measured plume dispersion and the air surrounding the plume on selected days. A mathematical model was used to predict the change that would occur in airborne particulate matter concentrations in DFW if SO2 emissions were reduced to reflect the proposed limitations. The contribution of particles in the atmosphere to light extinction was estimated, and simulated photographs were produced to illustrate the visibility changes. The study concluded that the proposed emission reductions would, at most, subtly change perceived wintertime visibility. 相似文献
962.
Christian Seigneur Prasad Pai Ivar Tombach Charles McDade Pradeep Saxena Peter Mueller 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):835-848
ABSTRACT During wintertime, haze episodes occur in the Dallas-Ft. Worth (DFW) urban area. Such episodes are characterized by substantial light scattering by particles and relatively low absorption, leading to so-called “white haze.” The objective of this work was to assess whether reductions in the emissions of SO2 from specific coal-fired power plants located over 100 km from DFW could lead to a discernible change in the DFW white haze. To that end, the transport, dispersion, deposition, and chemistry of the plume of a major power plant were simulated using a reactive plume model (ROME). The realism of the plume model simulations was tested by comparing model calculations of plume concentrations with aircraft data of SF6 tracer concentrations and ozone concentrations. A second-order closure dispersion algorithm was shown to perform better than a first-order closure algorithm and the empirical Pasquill-Gifford-Turner algorithm. For plume impact assessment, three actual scenarios were simulated, two with clear-sky conditions and one with the presence of fog prior to the haze. The largest amount of sulfate formation was obtained for the fog episode. Therefore, a hypothetical scenario was constructed using the meteorological conditions of the fog episode with input data values adjusted to be more conducive to sulfate formation. The results of the simulations suggest that reductions in the power plant emissions lead to less than proportional reductions in sulfate concentrations in DFW for the fog scenario. Calculations of the associated effects on light scattering using Mie theory suggest that reduction in total (plume + ambient) light extinction of less than 13% would be obtained with a 44% reduction in emissions of SO2 from the modeled power plant. 相似文献
963.
Rebecca J. Klemm Robert M. Mason Jr. Charles M. Heilig Lucas M. Neas Douglas W. Dockery 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):1215-1222
ABSTRACT In 1996, Schwartz, Dockery, and Neas1 reported that daily mortality was more strongly associated with concentrations of PM2.5 than with concentrations of larger particles (coarse mass [CM]) in six U.S. cities (“original paper'V'original analyses”). Because of the public policy implications of the findings and the uniqueness of the concentration data, we undertook a reanalysis of these results. This paper presents results of the reconstruction of these data and replication of the original analyses using the reconstructed data. The original investigators provided particulate air pollution data for this paper. Daily weather and daily counts of total and cause-specific deaths were reconstructed from original public records. The reconstructed particulate air pollution and weather data were consistent with the summaries presented in the original paper. Daily counts of deaths in the reconstructed data set were lower than in the original paper because of restrictions on residence and place of death. The reconstruction process identified an administrative change in county codes that led to higher numbers of deaths in St. Louis. Despite these differences in daily counts of deaths, the estimated effects of par-ticulate air pollution from the reconstructed dataset, using analytic methods as described in the original paper, produced combined effect estimates essentially equivalent to the originally published results. For example, the estimated association of a 10 |j.g/m3 increase in 2-day mean particulate air pollution on total mortality was 1.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9-1.7%, t = 6.53) for PM25 based on the reconstructed dataset, compared to the originally reported association of 1.5% (95% CI 1.1-1.9%, t = 7.41). For coarse particles, the estimated association from the reconstructed dataset was 0.4% (95% CI -0.2-0.9%, t = 1.43) compared to the originally reported association of 0.4% (95% CI -0.1-1.0%, t = 1.48). These results from the reconstructed data suggest that the original results reported by Schwartz, Dockery, and Neas1 were essentially replicated. 相似文献
964.
Wray Winterlin Charles Mourer Gregory Hall F. Kratzer George L.H. Weaver L.F. Tribble 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):209-224
Abstract Broiler chickens and swine fed furazolidone in their diet were sacrificed, and samples of liver, kidney, skin/fat and muscle were harvested and analyzed for furazolidone residue. Chickens fed 200 g of furazolidone/ton of feed were withdrawn from treatment 21, 14, 7, 5, 3, or 0 days before slaughter. Birds withdrawn from medication more than 5 days prior to slaughter had no residues in any of the tissues sampled. One of the 12 birds in each of the 5 day and 3 day withdrawal groups had detectable residues in the skin/fat. Seven of the 12 birds in the 0 day withdrawal group had residues of <2 ppb in skin/fat samples. Chickens fed 400 g furazolidone/ton of feed were withdrawn from treatment 0 days before slaughter. Residues of 0.7 to 3.5 ppb were found in the skin of these birds; residues were not found in other tissues. Swine were fed 300 g furazolidone/ton of feed for 2 weeks or 150 g/ton for 5 weeks. They were withdrawn from treatment 10, 7, 5, 3, or 0 days before slaughter. Tissue samples taken from these swine did not contain detectable furazolidone residues. 相似文献
965.
Key competencies in sustainability: a reference framework for academic program development 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
The emerging academic field focused on sustainability has been engaged in a rich and converging debate to define what key
competencies are considered critical for graduating students to possess. For more than a decade, sustainability courses have
been developed and taught in higher education, yet comprehensive academic programs in sustainability, on the undergraduate
and graduate level, have emerged only over the last few years. Considering this recent institutional momentum, the time is
seemingly right to synthesize the discussion about key competencies in sustainability in order to support these relatively
young academic programs in shaping their profiles and achieving their ambitious missions. This article presents the results
of a broad literature review. The review identifies the relevant literature on key competencies in sustainability; synthesizes
the substantive contributions in a coherent framework of sustainability research and problem-solving competence; and addresses
critical gaps in the conceptualization of key competencies in sustainability. Insights from this study lay the groundwork
for institutional advancements in designing and revising academic programs; teaching and learning evaluations; as well as
hiring and training faculty and staff. 相似文献
966.
The development of the mercury (Hg) amalgamation process in the mid-sixteenth century triggered the onset of large-scale Hg
mining in both the Old and New Worlds. However, ancient Hg emissions associated with amalgamation and earlier mining efforts
remain poorly constrained. Using a geochemical time-series generated from lake sediments near Cerro Rico de Potosí, once the
world’s largest silver deposit, we demonstrate that pre-Colonial smelting of Andean silver ores generated substantial Hg emissions
as early as the twelfth century. Peak sediment Hg concentrations and fluxes are associated with smelting and exceed background
values by approximately 20-fold and 22-fold, respectively. The sediment inventory of this early Hg pollution more than doubles
that associated with extensive amalgamation following Spanish control of the mine (1574–1900 AD). Global measurements of [Hg]
from economic ores sampled world-wide indicate that the phenomenon of Hg enrichment in non-ferrous ores is widespread. The
results presented here imply that indigenous smelting constitutes a previously unrecognized source of early Hg pollution,
given naturally elevated [Hg] in economic silver deposits. 相似文献
967.
The Growing Need for Sustainable Ecological Management of Marine Communities of the Persian Gulf 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sale PF Feary DA Burt JA Bauman AG Cavalcante GH Drouillard KG Kjerfve B Marquis E Trick CG Usseglio P Van Lavieren H 《Ambio》2011,40(1):4-17
The Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed marine system surrounded by eight countries, many of which are experiencing substantial development. It is also a major center for the oil industry. The increasing array of anthropogenic disturbances may have substantial negative impacts on marine ecosystems, but this has received little attention until recently. We review the available literature on the Gulfs marine environment and detail our recent experience in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) to evaluate the role of anthropogenic disturbance in this marine ecosystem. Extensive coastal development may now be the single most important anthropogenic stressor. We offer suggestions for how to build awareness of environmental risks of current practices, enhance regional capacity for coastal management, and build cooperative management of this important, shared marine system. An excellent opportunity exists for one or more of the bordering countries to initiate a bold and effective, long-term, international collaboration in environmental management for the Gulf. 相似文献
968.
The environmental fate of the worldwide used herbicide isoproturon was studied in four different, undisturbed lysimeters in the temperate zone of Middle Europe. To exclude climatic effects due to location, soils were collected at different regions in southern Germany and analyzed at a lysimeter station under identical environmental conditions. 14C-isoproturon mineralization varied between 2.59% and 57.95% in the different soils. Barley plants grown on these lysimeters accumulated 14C-pesticide residues from soil in partially high amounts and emitted 14CO2 in an extent between 2.01% and 13.65% of the applied 14C-pesticide. Plant uptake and 14CO2 emissions from plants were inversely linked to the mineralization of the pesticide in the various soils: High isoproturon mineralization in soil resulted in low plant uptake whereas low isoproturon mineralization in soil resulted in high uptake of isoproturon residues in crop plants and high 14CO2 emission from plant surfaces. The soil water regime was identified as an essential factor that regulates degradation and plant uptake of isoproturon whereby the intensity of the impact of this factor is strongly dependent on the soil type. 相似文献
969.
Hesterberg TW Long CM Sax SN Lapin CA McClellan RO Bunn WB Valberg PA 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(9):894-913
Diesel exhaust (DE) characteristic of pre-1988 engines is classified as a "probable" human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified DE as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." These classifications were based on the large body of health effect studies conducted on DE over the past 30 or so years. However, increasingly stringent U.S. emissions standards (1988-2010) for particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in diesel exhaust have helped stimulate major technological advances in diesel engine technology and diesel fuel/lubricant composition, resulting in the emergence of what has been termed New Technology Diesel Exhaust, or NTDE. NTDE is defined as DE from post-2006 and older retrofit diesel engines that incorporate a variety of technological advancements, including electronic controls, ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel, oxidation catalysts, and wall-flow diesel particulate filters (DPFs). As discussed in a prior review (T. W. Hesterberg et al.; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 6437-6445), numerous emissions characterization studies have demonstrated marked differences in regulated and unregulated emissions between NTDE and "traditional diesel exhaust" (TDE) from pre-1988 diesel engines. Now there exist even more data demonstrating significant chemical and physical distinctions between the diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) in NTDE versus DEP from pre-2007 diesel technology, and its greater resemblance to particulate emissions from compressed natural gas (CNG) or gasoline engines. Furthermore, preliminary toxicological data suggest that the changes to the physical and chemical composition of NTDE lead to differences in biological responses between NTDE versus TDE exposure. Ongoing studies are expected to address some of the remaining data gaps in the understanding of possible NTDE health effects, but there is now sufficient evidence to conclude that health effects studies of pre-2007 DE likely have little relevance in assessing the potential health risks of NTDE exposures. 相似文献
970.