上海中心城区夏季挥发性有机物(VOCs)的源解析

2006～2008年夏季在上海徐家汇地区对大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行连续3h采样(6:00～9:00),共取得72个有效样本.同时,应用PCA/APCS(principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores)受体模型对大气中VOCs来源进行了分析.结果表明,上海夏季中心城区大气中VOCs主要有5个来源,分别为交通工具尾气排放、燃料挥发(液化石油气/天然气泄漏和汽油蒸发)、溶剂使用、工业生产和生物质/生物燃料燃烧+海洋源,其贡献率分别为34%、24%、16%、14%、12%.其中,芳香烃主要来自于溶剂使用、交通工具尾气排放、工业生产和燃料挥发,其分担率分别为35%、26%、22%、17%.烯烃主要来自于交通工具尾气排放和燃料挥发,其分担率为49%和40%.烷烃主要来自于交通工具尾气排放、燃料挥发和溶剂使用,其分担率分别为45%、32%、12%.模拟结果和已知源成分谱符合较好,说明PCA/APCS受体模型源解析结果可信.     

北京地区FLEXPART模式适用性初步研究

FLEXPART是挪威大气研究所开发的拉格朗日粒子扩散模式.为客观地评价该模式在北京地区的适用性,以北京上甸子大气本底站为例,模拟了CO浓度变化及其源区分布特征,并与该站实测CO浓度和2006年排放源清单进行了比对.结果表明:①模式模拟的CO浓度变化趋势可以较好地反映上甸子地区CO浓度的日变化规律,CO浓度的模拟值与实测值的相关系数在春夏两季分别达到0.42和0.41;②春夏两季北京市污染气团主要源地分布在西-西南和西西南-南-南南东扇区,模式结果较好地体现了北京及周边地区CO源区的分布特征.初步研究表明,FLEXPART模式在北京地区是基本适用的.     

一体式粉末活性炭-微滤组合工艺的除污染效能

研究了一体式粉末活性炭-微滤(PAC-MF)组合工艺对有机物、农药和氨氮的去除效果,并量化了粉末活性炭-微滤工艺中PAC、微生物和MF分别对去除污染物的贡献.结果表明,PAC-MF组合工艺对TOC、UV254、以及THMFP和HAAFP的平均去除率分别为73.56%、96.75%、77.64%、83%,对敌敌畏的平均去除率为95.1%,对氨氮的平均去除率可达98%.粉末活性炭-微滤工艺中,活性炭能够使膜的有机负荷降至膜直接过滤工艺的28.32%,膜表面的炭层对污染物有去除作用;活性炭在一次性高浓度的投加方式下,可以提高活性炭对氨氮的吸附作用,使对氨氮的去除率达44.5%.     

Impact of climate change at species level: a case study of teak in India

In this study, we model the long-term effect of climate change on commercially important teak (Tectona grandis) and its productivity in India. This modelling assessment is based on climate projections of the regional climate model of the Hadley Center (HadRM3) and the dynamic vegetation model, IBIS. According to the model projections, 30% of teak grids in India are vulnerable to climate change under both A2 and B2 SRES scenarios because the future climate may not be optimal for teak at these grids. However, the net primary productivity and biomass are expected to increase because of elevated levels of CO₂. Given these directions of likely impacts, it is crucial to further investigate the climate change impacts on teak and incorporate such findings into long-term teak plantation programs. This study also demonstrates the feasibility and limitations of assessing the impact of projected climate change at the species level in the tropics.     

A macroeconomic analysis of adaptation to climate change impacts on forests in India

We examine the potential for adaptation to climate change in Indian forests, and derive the macroeconomic implications of forest impacts and adaptation in India. The study is conducted by integrating results from the dynamic global vegetation model IBIS and the computable general equilibrium model GRACE-IN, which estimates macroeconomic implications for six zones of India. By comparing a reference scenario without climate change with a climate impact scenario based on the IPCC A2-scenario, we find major variations in the pattern of change across zones. Biomass stock increases in all zones but the Central zone. The increase in biomass growth is smaller, and declines in one more zone, South zone, despite higher stock. In the four zones with increases in biomass growth, harvest increases by only approximately 1/3 of the change in biomass growth. This is due to two market effects of increased biomass growth. One is that an increase in biomass growth encourages more harvest given other things being equal. The other is that more harvest leads to higher supply of timber, which lowers market prices. As a result, also the rent on forested land decreases. The lower prices and rent discourage more harvest even though they may induce higher demand, which increases the pressure on harvest. In a less perfect world than the model describes these two effects may contribute to an increase in the risk of deforestation because of higher biomass growth. Furthermore, higher harvest demands more labor and capital input in the forestry sector. Given total supply of labor and capital, this increases the cost of production in all the other sectors, although very little indeed. Forestry dependent communities with declining biomass growth may, however, experience local unemployment as a result.     

新疆鄯善县吐峪沟千佛洞崩塌灾害特征及防治对策探讨

为了查清新疆鄯善县吐峪沟千佛洞旅游区崩塌灾害的危害,对区内崩塌灾害的分布、发育特征、形成影响因素及破坏模式等进行了详细勘查,结果表明崩塌灾害主要受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、风化、降水、地震、人类工程活动等多种内外因素的影响,崩塌危岩体直接威胁旅游区内人行栈道和部分佛窟;同时针对勘查结果,提出了避让与治理相结合的防治...     

不同燃料柴油机多环芳烃排放特征的试验研究

在一台直喷式柴油机上,采用玻璃纤维滤纸及XAD-2吸附管采集、超声和索氏提取、气质联用分析等技术,测量了燃用柴油、生物柴油及其调合油B50排气中的多环芳烃类污染物（PAHs）.研究表明,柴油机颗粒相PAHs排放随着负荷的增大呈现降低的趋势,气相PAHs排放随着负荷呈现先降低后升高的趋势.与柴油相比,生物柴油的颗粒相和气...     

赤泥及粉煤灰处理磷石膏堆场废水的方案筛选及评价

采用L9（3^4）的正交设计法,以可溶性正磷酸盐下降率及pH值上升率为评定指标,对赤泥及粉煤灰处理磷石膏堆场废水的优化方案进行筛选。实验结果表明,降低可溶性磷酸盐含量的最佳方案为赤泥1．60g,粉煤灰0．80g,水样100ml,时间4d。提高pH的最佳方案为赤泥1．60g,粉煤灰0．40g,水样100ml,时间3d。     

壳聚糖负载磺化酞菁钴催化过硫酸盐降解甲基橙的研究

过渡金属催化过硫酸盐（PS）产生活性氧自由基（ROS）可有效降解有机污染物.为避免均相催化过程中过渡金属带来的二次污染,将磺化酞菁钴（CoPcS）键合固定于壳聚糖（CS）微球载体上,制备出一种结构稳定、较高催化活性的催化剂（CS-CoPcS）,并以偶氮染料甲基橙（MO）为目标污染物,考察不同反应条件对MO降解过程的影响,进而分析了催化剂的稳定性和降解机理.结果表明：CS-CoPcS催化PS可有效降解MO,当反应温度为25℃,MO初始浓度为152.75μmol/L,pH₀为5.5,PS的投加浓度为10mmol/L,CS-CoPcS投加量为1.25g/L,MO在180min的降解率可达87.21%,降解速率为1.24×10^-2min^-1,符合准一级动力学方程;电子自旋共振（EPR）和淬灭实验均证实催化过程产生以硫酸根自由基为主的有效ROS;4次循环利用实验中未能检测出溶液中潜在浸出的钴离子,CS-CoPcS表现出很好的催化活性和结构稳定性.     

粉末活性焦对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能

以蒙东褐煤为原料,通过沉降炉炭化活化一步法制备了粉末活性焦（COKE）,其具有丰富的孔隙结构,以微孔为主,占据比表面积的79.3%.考察了活性焦对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,并进一步研究了吸附时间、温度、初始pH值、初始磷酸盐浓度、活性焦投加量和共存离子对吸附过程的影响,以及吸附动力学、吸附等温线和热力学特征.结果表明：活性焦对水体中的磷酸盐具有良好的吸附性能.在30℃,pH=7的条件下,利用20.00g/L活性焦吸附1mg/L磷酸盐溶液,60min即可达到吸附平衡,此时吸附率可达89.4%.当吸附温度越高（10~40℃）,活性焦投加量越大,溶液pH值在6~7时,活性焦对水中磷酸盐的去除效果越好.共存离子的存在（NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-）对活性焦吸附磷酸盐有抑制作用.活性焦对磷酸盐溶液的吸附过程较好符合Freundlich模型（R²>0.99）和准二级动力学模型（R²>0.99）,最大吸附容量为1.746mg/g（30℃）,并通过热力学分析发现此过程为自发的吸热反应.利用傅立叶红外光谱分析进一步表明,活性焦吸附磷酸盐主要依靠配位交换.与活性炭相比,活性焦性价比更高,具有良好的应用前景.