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191.
作者前文所建立的狭窄海湾潮交换的分段模式的合理性由矩形海湾数值计算结果得到验证,并被应用于象山港海湾水的更新周期估算 相似文献
192.
环境及环境科学的哲学概观 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从哲学层次上考察环境和环境科学有关问题,对环境问题的根本解决与环境科学的发展具有世界观与方法论上的指导意义。环境是一个哲学范畴,是主体活动赖于进行的自然、社会、人文条件的总和。环境哲学承认环境的价值因素,引入环境价值系统,实行自然资源的有偿使用。环境哲学将伦理观引入自然环境之中,倡导人类须规范其行为、尊重自然环境有其存在与发展的权利。环境哲学寻求从根本上解决人类自身发展的道路。 相似文献
193.
Kuo 和 Neilson 的分区段潮交换模式基于 Ketchum 潮冲程理论划分区段,并以各断面的回流系数来反映区段间的交换特征,是一个适合于狭长小潮湾沿程水交换近似估算的简捷有效的模式。本研究对该模式中的混合过程物理简化方式作了更为合理的修正,即引进了“内湾各相邻区段间水体混合交换同时发生”的设定。同时,基于对交换率概念的系统分析,本文还对模式中最重要的特征参数回流系数的特性及其简化确定方法作了进一步探讨 相似文献
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Recent drinking water regulations have lowered the disinfection by-product standards as well as added new disinfection by-products for regulation. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a major role in the formation of undesirable organic by-products following disinfection/oxidation of drinking water. It is suspected that most precursors to disinfection by-products are humic, although nonhumic substances are also suspected of contributing to these by-products. Many of the disinfection by-products have adverse health effects in humans (i.e., carcinogenic or mutagenic effects). The primary chlorinated disinfection by-products of concern include trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitrile. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study humic and fulvic acids. The two fractions of humic substances, humic and fulvic acids, were characterized by a double-peak phenomena in an overlapping fluorescing region. Disinfection by-product formation potentials of humic and fulvic acids have been correlated with total organic carbon, UV absorbance at 254 nm, specific absorbance and fluorescence. River humic and fulvic acid was found to have the highest reactivity to disinfection by-product formation as compared to soil and peat humic and fulvic acid. Fluorescence spectroscopy has shown to be a rapid and predictive tool for disinfection by-products formation potential of humic and fulvic acids. 相似文献
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199.
Land use as a mitigation strategy for the water-quality impacts of global warming: a scenario analysis on two watersheds in the Ohio River Basin 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This study uses an integrative approach to study the water-quality impacts of future global climate and land-use changes. In this study, changing land-use types was used as a mitigation strategy to reduce the adverse impacts of global climate change on water resources. The climate scenarios were based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2). The Thornthwaite water-balance model was coupled with a land-use model (L-THIA) to investigate the hydrologic effects of future climate and land-use changes in the Ohio River Basin. The land-use model is based on the Soil Conservation Service's curve-number method. It uses the curve number, an index of land use and soil type, to calculate runoff volume and depth. The ArcView programming language, Avenue, was used to integrate the two models into a geographic information system (GIS). An output of the water-balance model, daily precipitation values adjusted for potential evapotranspiration, served as one of the inputs into the land-use model. Two watersheds were used in the present study: one containing the city of Cincinnati on the main stem of the Ohio River, and one containing the city of Columbus on a tributary of the Ohio River. These cities represent two major metropolitan areas in the Ohio River Basin with different land uses experiencing different rates of population growth. The projected hypothetical land-use changes were based on linear extrapolations of current population data. Results of the analyses indicate that conversion from agricultural land use to low-density residential land use may decrease the amount of surface runoff. The land-use practices which generate the least amount of runoff are forest, low-density residential, and agriculture; whereas high-density residential and commercial land-use types produce the highest runoff. The hydrologic soil type present was also an important factor in determining the amount of runoff and non-point-source pollution. A runoff-depth matrix and total nitrogen matrix were created for Cincinnati and Columbus to describe possible land-use mitigation measures in response to global climate change. The differences in Cincinnati and Columbus were due to differences in geographic location, air temperature, and total runoff. The results of this study may be useful to planners and policy makers for defining the possible impacts of future global climate and land-use changes on water resources. 相似文献
200.