用核子微探针进行单个大气颗粒物的分析

本文对单个大气颗粒物进行了分析研究，用核子微探针对首钢地区单个大气颗粒物进行了扫描分析，用三维等高线法给出了各种元素在一群单个大气颗粒物中的二维分布。从一群单个大气颗粒物中各元素的二维分布可对首钢地区大气污染的特征及来源进行分析研究。     

珠三角城市群典型城市土壤邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征

选择了经济相对发达的珠江三角洲城市群中的典型中小城市的菜园和果园表层土壤(0～20 cm)进行调查取样,采用气相色谱法,对土壤样品中的16种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)进行了测定,分析了其分布特征,并初步探讨了本区域的PAEs的污染控制问题.结果表明:在珠三角城市中,东莞土壤的PAEs含量最高,各地土壤中的PAEs均值高低顺序依次为东莞＞深圳(珠海)＞中山(惠州);菜园土壤中的平均PAEs含量比果园高37%左右;从珠三角城市菜地和果园的平均PAEs分布来看,东莞和深圳的菜地PAEs明显高于果园;珠海、中山和惠州菜地的平均PAEs与果园基本持平.16种PAEs类化合物在珠江三角洲不同城市的分布的差异非常大,不同城市所受到的主要PAEs化合物污染的种类不同;与美国土壤PAEs控制标准相比,珠三角城市果园和菜地土壤的PAEs主要为DEP和DnBP超标,这两类PAEs化合物应该成为重点的污染控制对象.     

沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药定量分析的质量保证和质量控制

以美国ＥＰＡ为方法为基础,进行了沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药分析的质量保证和质量控制实验,采用回收率指示物控制回收率,用内标法定量。结果表明多环芳烃的指示物回收率为５０．６７－９７．３３％,目标化合物的回收率为５８．６７－９６．３３％,方法检测限为３．３０－９．２６μｇ．ｋｇ＾－１。     

团花锦蛇、绿锦蛇和三索锦蛇的核型及Ag-NORs

报道了锦蛇属团花锦蛇（Ｅ．ｄａｖｉｄｉ）、绿锦蛇（Ｅ．ｐｒｖｓｉｎａ）和三索锦蛇（Ｅ．ｒａｄｉａｔａ）３个种的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ,团花锦蛇的型２ｎ＝３６（８Ｖ＋６ｓＶ＋２Ｉ＋２０Ｍ）,绿锦蛇的核型２ｎ＝３６（７Ｖ＋７ｓＶ＋２Ｉ＋２０ｍ）,三索锦蛇的核型２ｎ＝４０（６Ｖ＋３ｓＶ＋２ｓＩ＋５Ｉ＋２４ｍ）;①团花锦蛇和绿锦蛇的染色体数目和结构与此属大多数咱的相似,;②此种为雄性,未见染色体异型。③Ａｇ     

Influence of pore structure on biologically activated carbon performance and biofilm microbial characteristics

• Pore structure affects biologically activated carbon performance. • Pore structure determines organic matter (OM) removal mechanism. • Microbial community structure is related to pore structure and OM removal. Optimizing the characteristics of granular activated carbon (GAC) can improve the performance of biologically activated carbon (BAC) filters, and iodine value has always been the principal index for GAC selection. However, in this study, among three types of GAC treating the same humic acid-contaminated water, one had an iodine value 35% lower than the other two, but the dissolved organic carbon removal efficiency of its BAC was less than 5% away from the others. Iodine value was found to influence the removal of different organic fractions instead of the total removal efficiency. Based on the removal and biological characteristics, two possible mechanisms of organic matter removal during steady-state were suggested. For GAC with poor micropore volume and iodine value, high molecular weight substances (3500–9000 Da) were removed mainly through degradation by microorganisms, and the biodegraded organics (soluble microbial by-products,<3500 Da) were released because of the low adsorption capacity of activated carbon. For GAC with higher micropore volume and iodine value, organics with low molecular weight (<3500 Da) were more easily removed, first being adsorbed by micropores and then biodegraded by the biofilm. The biomass was determined by the pore volume with pore diameters greater than 100 μm, but did not correspond to the removal efficiency. Nevertheless, the microbial community structure was coordinate with both the pore structure and the organic removal characteristics. The findings provide a theoretical basis for selecting GAC for the BAC process based on its pore structure.     

Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China

Tonghui River, a typical river in Beijing, People's Republic of China, was studied for its water and sediment quality, by determining the levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 18 organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment samples. Total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in water varied from 192.5 to 2651 ng/l, 31.58-344.9 ng/l and 134.9-3788 ng/l, respectively. The total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in surficial sediments were 127-928 ng/g, 0.78-8.47 ng/g and 1.79-13.98 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of these selected organic pollutants in sediment was higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments. The PAHs were dominated by 2-, 3-ring components in water samples and by 3- and 4-ring compounds in sediment. For organochlorines, alpha-HCH, delta-HCH, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, DDT are the major organochlorine pesticides in water while Heptachlor, Dieldrin and DDE composed of 95% of total organochlorine pesticides in sediment. For HCHs (HCHs=alpha-HCH+beta-HCH+gamma-HCH+delta-HCH), the predominance of alpha-HCH of total HCHs were clearly observed in water and sediment. PCB18, PCB31 and PCB52 were predominant in water, on average these compounds collectively accounted for 67% of total PCBs. But in sediment, the predominant compounds were PCB28, PCB31 and PCB153, which accounted for 71% of total PCBs in sediment. The levels of micro pollutants in our study areas were compared with other studies.     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution from a Fe-smelting plant in urban river sediments using environmental magnetic and geochemical methods

Environmental magnetic proxies provide a rapid means of assessing the degree of industrial heavy metal pollution in soils and sediments. To test the efficiency of magnetic methods for detecting contaminates from a Fe-smelting plant in Loudi City, Hunan Province (China) we investigated river sediments from Lianshui River. Both magnetic and non-magnetic (microscopic, chemical and statistical) methods were used to characterize these sediments. Anthropogenic heavy metals coexist with coarse-grained magnetic spherules. It can be demonstrated that the Pollution Load Index of industrial heavy metals (Fe, V, Cr, Mo, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu) and the logarithm of saturation isothermal remanent magnetization, a proxy for magnetic concentration, are significantly correlated. The distribution heavy metal pollution in the Lianshui River is controlled by surface water transport and deposition. Our findings demonstrate that magnetic methods have a useful and practical application for detecting and mapping pollution in and around modern industrial cities.     

CAS工艺与AOE工艺曝气池水质信息场的测量与分析

为了研究曝气池空间内水质的分布及变化规律,采用了YSI6600 V2多参数水质检测仪对成都市三瓦窑污水处理厂的一期工程传统污泥法(CAS)、二期工程缺氧、好氧和内源呼吸(AOE)工艺中的曝气池分别进行了包括DO、NH3-N、NO3--N、pH、氯化物和温度等水质指标的场的检测,通过分析这些数据,揭示了曝气池内部水质变化的规律,并比较了CAS工艺与AOE工艺内水质处理效果的差别。结果表明,(1)溶解氧沿池深方向呈现出一定的分布规律,CAS工艺中随池深增加,溶解氧增加,AOE工艺中随着池深的增加,溶解氧降低;(2)AOE工艺对氨氮在O区的去除率可达97.64%,明显高于CAS工艺的41.76%;(3)沿曝气池长度测量溶解氧空间分布规律,参照理论曲线及依据水质处理要求,调整曝气量的方法具有长期运行经济、水质处理效果好的特点。     

实时荧光定量PCR对A2/O短程硝化系统内氨氧化菌的定量分析

通过控制好氧区低DO浓度以及缩短好氧实际水力停留时间(actual hydraulic retention time,AHRT),在处理低C/N比实际生活污水的A2/O工艺中,成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化;系统亚硝酸盐积累率稳定维持在90%左右,氨氮去除率在95%以上。通过提取富集氨氧化菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)的基因组DNA,经两次常规PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳,以纯化回收的DNA扩增片段作为实时荧光定量PCR检测AOB数量的DNA标准品,建立了检测AOB数量的实时荧光定量PCR标准曲线。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术比较了A2/O系统在不同运行条件及亚硝酸盐积累率情况下AOB菌群数量。结果表明,随着系统亚硝酸盐积累率的上升,系统内AOB菌群数量也大幅上升。全程硝化和短程硝化时,系统内的AOB菌群数量分别为5.28×109cells/g MLVSS和3.95×1010cells/g MLVSS。此外,亚硝酸盐积累率的下降相对于AOB菌群数量的下降有一定的滞后性。