涠洲12-1油田油井结垢机理研究

采用X射线衍射法分析了涠洲12-1油田A3油井井筒垢样,并对结垢离子的来源、结垢机理、结垢原因及结垢部位进行了分析。结果表明,涠洲12-1油田中块油井垢样的主要成分中61.3%是BaSr(SO4)2。结垢阳离子主要源于地层中含锶、钡等重矿物在高温、高压及高矿化度条件下的溶解和解离,结垢阴离子主要源于地层中硫酸盐矿物(如BaSO4、SrSO4)溶解、解离及注入水(海水)。结垢是注入水与地层水不配伍引起的,涠洲12-1油田防垢应以预防BaSr(SO4)2为主。     

THE FLEXIBLE TOLERANCE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN THE ROOT ZONE1

In this study, a constrained minimization method, the flexible tolerance method, was used to solve the optimization problems for determining hydrologic parameters in the root zone: water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation. Synthetic soil moisture data were first generated using the Richards' equation and its associated initial and boundary conditions, and these data were then used for the inverse analyses. The results of inverse simulation indicate the following. If the soil moisture data contain no noise, the rate of estimated water uptake and spatial root distribution parameters are equal to the true values without using constraints. If there is noise in the observed data, constraints must be used to improve the quality of the estimate results. In the estimation of rainfall infiltration and surface evaporation, interpolation methods should be used to reduce the number of unknowns. A fewer number of variables can improve the quality of inversely estimated parameters. Simultaneous estimation of spatial root distribution and water uptake rate or estimation of evaporation and water uptake rate is possible. The method was used to estimate the water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation using long‐term soil moisture data collected from Nebraska's Sand Hills.     

湿地土壤Fe与N耦合过程研究进展

地球系统的耦合过程研究是目前地球表层系统地理过程研究的重点内容,湿地是地球表层生态系统重要的组成部分.湿地土壤季节性或长期处于积水的厌氧状态,这一厌氧环境中的Fe、N在氧化还原过程中存在微生物作用下的耦合过程.这种耦合过程主要表现在3个方面,即微生物利用NO 3-氧化Fe2+、利用Fe3+氧化NH 4+以及湿地厌氧土壤中NO 3-对于Fe3+还原的抑制作用.这一耦合过程的研究对于认识湿地中Fe、N的循环具有重要意义.文章从3个方面综述了湿地土壤Fe与N耦合过程的研究现状.总体看来,目前对于NO 3-氧化Fe2+方面的研究较另外两方面更深入,因此应加强Fe3+氧化NH 4+的微生物机制、Fe与N耦合过程的综合评价等方面的研究,从而为人们更好地了解和掌握湿地生物地球化学循环过程提供理论依据.     

长江中下游地区铜矿体综合找矿模型

本文在收集研究长江中下游地区主要铜矿床的发现和勘查过程、矿床地质特征、物化探异常特征、勘查方法等大量资料的基础上,对矿体特征进行了归纳,提出了将长江中下游主要铜矿体划分为二型四式的矿体类型划分方案。分别建立了四种类型铜矿体的找矿模型,并建立了铜矿体综合找矿模型。     

美国《有毒物质控制法》的修订进展和启示

回顾了美国《有毒物质控制法》(TSCA)的诞生、作用、修订的缘由、修订的过程和进展。从运用定量构效关系(QSAR)技术、完善生物测试技术、增加我国化学品管理领域的风险评估、推广绿色化学概念和规范信息管理与公开等5个方面阐述了TSCA的修订给我国化学品管理工作带来的启示。     

分光光度法测定天然水中铬（Ⅵ）和总铬研究

研究了新试剂二安替比林邻烯丙氧基本基甲烷（DAoPM）与钻（Ⅵ）的显色反应,在磷酸介质中,Mn（Ⅱ）存在下,DAoPM和铬（Ⅵ）生成橙色产物,λmax=480nm,ε=3．53×105L·mol－1·cm－1。铬（Ⅵ）含量在0～100μg／L内符合比耳定律．方法用于环境水样中铬（Ⅵ）和总铬的测定,结果满意。     

甲醇装置酸性尾气工业处理试验

进行了甲醇装置酸性尾气工业处理试验,用体积分数为25％～30％的N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)水溶液提浓该酸性尾气,提浓后的酸性尾气送至克劳斯硫磺回收装置回收硫磺。在再生塔底温度为124℃、气液比为80、吸收塔塔板为11层的条件下脱除H2S,净化气中H2S体积分数小于0．25％,去除率为97．3％。该项目的实施消除了HCN、CH30H、H2S等有毒气体对大气环境的污染,同时可回收硫磺736t／a,具有较大的社会效益和一定的经济效益。     

Urinary phenols and parabens metabolites associated with cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The field of environmental health has begun to examine the effects of higher-order chemical combinations. The current literature lacks studies...     

嗜热栖热菌降解氟喹诺酮类抗生素

氟喹诺酮类抗生素在各种环境基质中积累造成的生态和耐药基因污染等问题已引起广泛的关注。为了能够有效去除环境中氟喹诺酮类抗生素污染并且探究其生物代谢途径,利用嗜热菌Thermus sp. C419在高温(70℃)条件下降解2种典型的氟喹诺酮类抗生素(诺氟沙星和恩诺沙星),分析了菌株C419对这2种药物在单一和混合添加时的降解特性;通过UPLC-MS/MS检测了其相关的降解产物,并推测了可能的代谢途径;利用平板扩散法对生物降解后的氟喹诺酮类药物进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明:氟喹诺酮类化合物可被菌株C419有效降解,降解率为60%～80%;该生物降解过程符合一级动力学模型,培养基中氟喹诺酮类化合物浓度越高,降解率越高,降解半衰期越短;菌株C419对诺氟沙星的生物降解有3条可能的降解途径和7种降解产物,对恩诺沙星的生物降解有4条可能的降解途径和6种降解产物。此外,与2种药物的母体化合物相比,生物降解后药物对不同细菌的抗菌活性均有一定程度的降低,这说明嗜热菌株C419在热环境中去除氟喹诺酮类污染物方面可能会具有良好的实用性和应用前景。     

Surfactant-enhanced biodegradation of crude oil by mixed bacterial consortium in contaminated soil

This study evaluated the effects of two surfactants (i.e., Tween 80 and SDS) on biodegradation of crude oil by mixed bacterial consortium in soil-aqueous system. The mixed bacterial consortium was domesticated from the activated sludge of cooking plant through a progressive domestication process. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Rhodanobacter sp. was the dominant bacteria. The higher CMC_eff value for two surfactants was observed in soil-aqueous system compared with that in aqueous system, which was likely due to their adsorption onto soil particles. Either Tween 80 or SDS can be utilized as carbon source and promote the growth of mixed bacterial consortium. Further findings evidenced that the degradation of crude oil can be enhanced by adding either Tween 80 or SDS. The performance of Tween 80 was generally superior to SDS for the crude oil degradation. The highest crude oil degradation efficiency was 42.2 and 31.0% under the conditions of 5 CMC_eff of Tween 80 and 2 CMC_eff of SDS, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of crude oil in remediation experiment (i.e., 77%) evidenced that the integration of adding Tween 80 and inoculating mixed bacterial consortium was effective for crude oil-contaminated soil decontamination.