Recent development of a refined multiple air pollutant emission inventory of vehicles in the Central Plains of China

Central Plains region of China,represented by Henan Province,is facing serious air pollution problems.Vehicular exhaust emissions had adverse impacts on the atmospheric environment.The first comprehensive and novel vehicle emission inventory for Henan Province using vehicle kilometers traveled,localized emission factors,and activity data at city-level was developed.Furthermore,3 km×3 km gridded emission and temporal variations were determined by using localized information.Results show that the total emissions of sulfur dioxide(SO_2),nitrogen oxides(NOx),carbon monoxide(CO),particular matter with aerodynamic diameter10μm(PM_(10)),aerodynamic diameter2.5μm(PM_(2.5)),volatile organic compounds(VOCs),VOCs-evaporation and ammonia in 2015 were 9.1,533.4,1190.7,23.7,21.6,150.8,31.5 and 10.4 Gg,respectively,and the emission intensities of the above pollutants were 0.05,2.7,6.0,0.1,0.1,0.8,0.2 and 0.05 g/km,respectively.Vehicles meeting the Primary China 1,China 3 and China 4 contributed 89.1%,82.7%,75.3%,75.5%,75.5%,68.2%,68.4%and 82.3%for SO_2,NO_x,CO,PM_(10),PM_(2.5),VOCs,VOCs-evaporation and ammonia emissions,respectively.Zhengzhou,Zhoukou,Nanyang,Luoyang,Shangqiu and Xinyang showed relatively higher emissions and contributed more than 50%of each pollutant.The spatial distribution indicated obvious characteristics of the road network,and high-level emission was concentrated in the downtown areas.Additionally,the ozone formation potential(OFP)based on the estimated speciated VOC emissions was 569.6 Gg in Henan Province.Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were the main species of VOCs,whereas olefins contributed the largest proportion of OFP,with 42.2%.     

雅克拉凝析气田集气管道腐蚀研究与治理

对雅克拉凝析气田单井集输系统腐蚀状况进行分析,得出该腐蚀主要是CO_2腐蚀和冲刷腐蚀综合作用的结论,提出并实施相应的防腐对策。     

应对数字化地形变观测干扰分析与实践

文章在讨论、分析2010年5月初密封前后主要气象因素(大风、气压、强降水)对淮北台定点地形变观测影响的基础上,认为大风主要对倾斜仪产生干扰,气压主要对伸缩仪产生干扰,且密封后主要气象因素的干扰均得到改善。     

酸性水动态淋滤与静态浸泡土壤中氟的实验研究

模拟研究了不同pH值的淋滤液对土壤的动态淋滤及静态浸泡,用氟离子选择电极法测定了不同pH值淋滤液在不同时间段获取的淋出液中氟浓度以及淋滤后残渣中的氟含量,结果表明:淋滤液的pH值、淋滤时间以及土壤中氟的赋存形态对氟的淋出影响重大。淋滤液的酸性越强,土壤中氟的最大淋出浓度越大,土壤中被淋出的氟含量越高,淋出率也越高且氟的淋出主要集中在淋滤初期60h内,后渐趋于平缓;动态淋滤淋出的氟含量及溶出率均稍高于静态浸泡,这可能源于动态淋滤较强的分子运动,进而使提取剂充分渗透到土壤基质中。黄壤、黄棕壤、水稻土在pH=3的淋出液中的氟浓度变化曲线表明土壤淋洗作用更多的是将土壤中的可溶性氟盐淋洗掉。可溶性氟盐越多,被淋失的氟就越多。     

Community analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of eight wastewater treatment systems

We investigated the communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) in activated sludge collected from eight wastewater treatment systems using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) followed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP),cloning,and sequencing of the α-subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase gene(amoA).The T-RFLP fingerprint analyses showed that different wastewater treatment systems harbored distinct AOB communities.However,there was no remarkable difference among the AOB TRFLP profiles from different parts of the same system.The T-RFLP fingerprints showed that a full-scale wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) contained a larger number of dominant AOB species than a pilot-scale reactor.The source of influent affected the AOB community,and the WWTPs treating domestic wastewater contained a higher AOB diversity than those receiving mixed domestic and industrial wastewater.However,the AOB community structure was little affected by the treatment process in this study.Phylogenetic analysis of the cloned amoA genes clearly indicated that all the dominant AOB in the systems was closely related to Nitrosomonas spp.not to Nitrosospira spp.Members of the Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrosomonas communis clusters were found in all samples,while members of Nitrosomonas europaea cluster occurred in some systems.     

Microbial community characterization, activity analysis and purifying efficiency in a biofilter process

The growth and metabolism of microbial communities on biologically activated carbon(BAC) play a crucial role in the purification of drinking water.To gain insight into the growth and metabolic characteristics of microbial communities and the efficiency of drinking water treatment in a BAC filter,we analyzed the heterotrophic plate count(HPC),phospholipid,dehydrogenase,metabolic function and water quality parameters during start-up and steady-state periods.In the start-up process of the filter with natural biofilm colonization,the variation in heterotrophic plate count levels was S-curved.The total phospholipid level was very low during the first 5 days and reached a maximum value after 40 days in the filter.The activity of dehydrogenase gradually increased during the first 30 days and then reached a plateau.The functional diversity of the microbial community in the filter increased,and then reached a relatively stable level by day 40.After an initial decrease,which was followed by an increase,the removal rate of NH4+-N and COD Mn became stable and was 80% and 28%,respectively,by day 40.The consumption rate of dissolved oxygen reached a steady level after 29 days,and remained at 18%.At the steady operation state,the levels of HPC,phospholipid,dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization had no significant differences after 6 months compared to levels measured on day 40.The filter was shown to be effective in removing NH4+-N,NO2--N,COD Mn,UV 254,biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and trace organic pollutants from the influent.Our results suggest that understanding changes in the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in BAC filter could help to improve the efficiency of biological treatment of drinking water.     

焦作市浅层地下水氟污染及成因分析

通过对焦作市各县（市）区浅层地下水中氟化物含量的分析与评价,从土壤环境、水文地球化学环境、地形地貌等方面对焦作市高氟地下水的污染成因进行了分析,表明焦作市浅层地下水存在三个氟污染带,即高氟区;高氟区的形成是多因素共同作用的结果,其中土壤因素和水文地球化学作用是高氟区形成的主要因素,独特的地貌、气候和人类活动也是高氟区的形成因素。     

土壤重金属污染的酶学诊断——紫色土中的镉、铜、铅、砷对水稻根系过氧化物酶的影响

通过四川酸性紫色土、中性紫色土,石灰性紫色土中不同浓度的Cd、Cu、Pb、As对水稻根系过氧化物酶的影响研究,揭示了过氧化物酶受抑制与产生抗性的过程.在低浓度时,上述元素对过氧化物酶的影响能反映土壤类型影响的差别.确定了三种紫色土中Cd、Cu、Pb、As的临界浓度.     

真菌(Aspergillus sp.)吸附Cu2+的研究

利用真菌Aspergillus sp.制备生物吸附剂,吸附重金属离子铜,实验分析了影响吸附率和吸附量的因素,结果表明,优化条件下,30℃, pH值5.0,起始Cu2+浓度50mg/L,摇床转速150r/min,经1mol/L NaOH预处理的吸附剂用量为5g/L,吸附时间45min,该吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附率达到92.22%.通过细胞显微观察和X-射线光电子能谱技术手段推断该菌细胞壁是Cu2+ 吸附的主要部位.     

三峡水库支流回水区富营养化时空分布特征

为了解三峡水库175m水位蓄水后库区支流回水区富营养化现状,探索支流回水区富营养化时空变化规律,在三峡库区支流回水区开展了富营养化普查和监测。结果表明,库区支流总磷浓度为0.035~0.65 mg/L,平均浓度为0.157 mg/L,总氮浓度为0.681~5.690 mg/L,平均浓度为2.037mg/L,远远高于湖库水体出现富营养化的总磷和总氮临界浓度0.02、0.2 m g/L,库区支流营养盐条件适宜藻类生长。在每年4~9月的春季、盛夏和夏秋之交的非暴雨时段,当气温和光照适宜,支流回水核心区富营养化现象明显,出现藻类"疯长"的水华现象,但受气温变化影响明显,库区的富营养化现象仍是间歇的,局部的。