Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Daya Bay, South China

The spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been investigated in Daya Bay, China. The total concentration of the 16 USEPA priority PAHs in surface sediments ranged from 42.5 to 158.2 ng/g dry weight with a mean concentration of 126.2 ng/g. The spatial distribution of PAHs was site-specific and combustion processes were the main source of PAHs in the surface sediments. Total 16 priority PAH concentration in the cores 8 and 10 ranged from 77.4 to 305.7 ng/g and from 118.1 to 319.9 ng/g respectively. The variation of the 16 PAH concentrations in both cores followed the economic development in China very well and was also influenced by input pathways. Some of the PAHs were petrogenic in core 8 while pyrolytic source was dominant in core 10. In addition, pyrolytic PAHs in both cores were mainly from the coal and/or grass and wood combustion.     

基于结构全寿命设计需求的哈尔滨地区气温统计分析

基于结构全寿命设计对环境作用的需求,对哈尔滨地区1963-2002年的逐日极端温度(逐日最高、最低温度)和温度日较差数据进行了统计分析.运用小波分析工具,处理各季、月平均极端温度序列,从定量的角度分析了哈尔滨地区气温的变化趋势;运用数理统计方法,分析了各月逐日极端温度、温度日较差的概率分布,研究了哈尔滨地区气温的演变规律.研究表明:哈尔滨地区极端气温和温度日较差除夏季外,其余各季气温变化趋势较为相似,极端气温均存在6～8a的主周期,温度日较差存在20a左右的主周期,而夏季极端气温和温度日较差存在26a的主周期;正态分布可以很好地描述该地区各月极端气温的变化,但对温度日较差的拟合效果不佳(数据有一定偏度),后者可用广义极值分布拟合.     

饮用水中气味有机物来源及检测方法

介绍了饮用水中气味有机物的来源,简要综述国内对饮用水气味分析方法及气味有机物检测方法的研究发展概况,对于水质监测具有一定的参考价值。     

沸石的载铁改性及饮用水除氟试验研究

为避免使用含铝材料,采用新方法制得载铁改性斜发沸石,并通过一系列静态及动态试验对其除氟性能及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:经过改性活化的斜发沸石滤料的除氟容量(DC)得到显著提高,静态达0.665 mg/g,动态达0.2 mg/g,分别约为原沸石除氟容量(0.03 mg/g)的20和7倍.载铁改性斜发沸石对F的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,其最适pH为6～7,氟吸附速率快,再生稳定;同时其也能高效去除饮用水中的锰离子,除锰容量(MRC)达2.442 mg/g.对高氟地下水的处理效果证明,该滤料不仅降氟达到国家饮用水标准,而且具有再生简易、使用寿命长等特点.     

鼠李糖脂强化多环芳烃微生物修复的研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是普遍存在于环境中具有强烈毒性、致突变性和致癌性的难降解有机物,可造成严重的环境污染。由于低水溶性而导致的低生物可利用率是限制PAHs微生物降解的主要因素。生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂由于在形成胶束后能够大幅提高PAHs的表观溶解度,且毒性低、无二次污染,因而在PAHs微生物降解的研究中得到广泛关注。目前关于鼠李糖脂强化PAHs微生物降解的研究主要集中于其强化效果,而对其强化机制的研究仍不够深入。该文基于鼠李糖脂的性质及铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）的鼠李糖脂生物合成及调控,从鼠李糖脂提高PAHs溶解度、强化胶束传质、提高细胞表面疏水性、降低细胞表面Zeta电位、提高细胞膜通透性等方面综述其在强化PAHs微生物降解机制方面的最新研究进展,并总结了温度、pH、浓度和离子强度等环境因素对强化效果的影响。在此基础上,提出未来需要进一步探索鼠李糖脂生物可降解性与强化降解效果之间的平衡关系,明确pH影响PAHs溶解度的机理,并从基因、转录、蛋白和代谢水平对鼠李糖脂作用前后降解菌内参与调控菌体细胞表面疏水性（CSH）和膜通透性的相关基因的表达差异进行分析...     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

煤与瓦斯突出预测的GA-SVM模型及应用

为了对煤与瓦斯突出进行有效预测,将遗传算法和支持向量机相结合,提出煤与瓦斯突出预测的GA-SVM模型。以我国典型的煤与瓦斯突出煤矿15个实例为样本,以交叉验证准确率作为遗传算法的适应度函数,搜索得到径向基核SVM最优惩罚因子C=28.8786、宽度函数σ=0.16508,利用最优参数建立煤与瓦斯突出预测GA-SVM模型进行预测,结果与实际完全一致。应用该模型对云南恩洪煤矿8个突出实例进行预测,并与单项指标法、综合指标法和BP神经网络进行比较。研究结果表明,煤与瓦斯突出预测GA-SVM模型具有较高的可靠性和精确性,能对煤与瓦斯突出进行有效预测。     

Mass balance-based regression modeling of Cd and Zn accumulation in urban soils of Beijing

Accumulation of heavy metals in urban soil can pose adverse impacts on public health and terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a mass balance-based regression model to simulate the heavy metal accumulation in urban soils as a function of time and to explore connections between metal concentration and urbanization processes. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in 68 residential soil samples in the urban area of Beijing were used. The background concentrations, the loss rates and the input fluxes of Cd and Zn in urban soils of Beijing during the last three decades were estimated using a regression of the time series of accumulations of the metals. Based on the regression estimates, we simulated the general trends of Cd and Zn accumulation in the soils from 1978 to 2078. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil generally increased with the population growth, vehicle use and coal consumption. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil of Beijing would increase by 3 fold over the next 70 years for the current development scenario. The mass balance-based regression approach, which is able to reconstruct the history data of urban soil pollution, provides fundamental information for urban planning and environmental management.     

基于物联网的杭州市危险废物智能监管平台设计与应用

为满足危险废物监管各种业务管理工作的需求,开展物联网技术在危险废物产生、转移、处置等过程中应用的研究,设计基于物联网技术的危险废物智能监管平台,建成由管理部门门户、产废单位门户、运输单位门户、处置单位门户等四大门户统领,危废监督管理系统、电子联单系统、GIS监控管理系统、污泥刷卡转运管理系统、危废视频监控系统、固废超市管理系统等六大系统组建的统一管理平台,在传统管理模式的基础上,以业务需求结合先进的物联网、移动互联、二维码、NFC、GPS等技术,创新性地形成"移动端电子联单模式、GPRS监管预警模式、IC卡刷卡转运模式、固废超市微循环管理模式"四大管理模式,实现涉危单位内部微循环管理,转运过程多手段监控,让危险废物从最初产生到最终处置的全过程业务流程呈现精细化、实时化的全闭环管理,实现对危险废物从"摇篮"到"坟墓"的全过程跟踪,并以此为基础建立一支业务处理迅速、信息统计分析及时、办事高效、危废监管全面的信息化管理队伍,为环保部门真实、细致、及时、动态地掌握危险废物的转移情况提供技术手段,为领导决策提供辅助支持。     

铜绿微囊藻细胞培养与藻毒素LR提取的研究

铜绿微囊藻菌CCAP1450/4在室内人工培养的结果表明,较大的无机培养液表面、连续适当光照20uE/（m²·s）及适宜的温度（25℃）有利于该藻菌的生产．通过超声波击碎细胞,离心过滤C₁₈净化柱分离,得到藻毒素．应用高效液相色谱分离主峰纯化藻毒素藻毒素在紫外光谱238nm处出现吸收高峰表明,铜绿微囊藻菌CCAP1450/4中藻毒素的主要成分是藻毒素LR．本研究还探索了简便、快速人工培养铜绿微囊藻菌及高效、叶靠分离纯化藻毒素LR的方法．