复杂环境下楼房的控制爆破拆除

介绍了在复杂环境下五层砖混结构大楼的爆破拆除,并对爆破方案的选择,参数的选取进行了分析和论述,可供类似工程参考.     

Household, hotel and market waste audits for composting in Vietnam and Laos.

In Da Nang and Ha Long, Vietnam and in Vientiane, Laos, there was interest by local authorities in separating and composting waste in order to reduce environmental and health problems at the local landfills and to produce a soil conditioner for local agricultural use. To assist in the planning of composting projects, three studies were carried out to estimate waste quantities and composition. 1. A 9-day audit of waste from 45 vendors in a market in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. The total quantity of waste and the quantity in each of nine categories were estimated for each of six different types of vendors. 2. A 7-day audit of waste disposed by three hotels in the tourist area of Ha Long, Vietnam. Waste quantities were estimated in total, on a per guest basis, and in three main categories: compostables, recyclables and miscellaneous. 3. A 7-day audit of waste collected from 74 households in Da Nang, the fourth largest city in Vietnam. Waste from each household was separated into compostable and non-compostable waste. Over 60% of each waste source comprised compostable waste and this was considered significant enough to warrant further planning of composting operations.     

太湖不同介质电导率时空变化特征

电导率是表征水体溶解性固体物质或盐度的重要参数,也是水体常规监测参数之一.为揭示太湖不同介质电导率的时空变化特征,对太湖水体水质历史数据(1980～2009年)以及近10年来野外监测数据(2009～2018年)进行统计分析.结果表明,近40年来太湖水体电导率呈显著上升趋势,并在1996～1997年发生突变.太湖水体电导率由1980～1996年的(239. 43±70. 60)μS·cm~(-1)增长到目前的(477. 31±23. 47)μS·cm~(-1),年均增长率10. 40μS·(cm·a)-1;空间上,西北湖区水体电导率显著高于东南湖区;水体电导率变化以主要离子变化为主导,氮营养盐的贡献基本可忽略;流域人类活动是引起水体电导率变化的主要因素.此外,太湖水体电导率受季节性径流的影响更为显著.与湖水电导率变化规律相比,西北湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率均低于东南湖区,深层( 10 cm)则相反.剖面上,西北湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率和深层( 10 cm)无显著差异,但东南湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率高于深层( 10 cm).沉积物电导率与有机质呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),与p H呈负相关(P 0. 05),表明有机质对金属离子活化迁移具有明显的促进作用,而酸性环境下更有利于离子的活化.对不同介质间电导率分析发现,表层沉积物和孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率均与上覆水电导率呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),而深层( 10 cm)沉积物及孔隙水电导率与上覆水电导率没有相关性,表明表层沉积物和孔隙水(0～10 cm)对上覆水电导率有明显影响.此外,整个剖面上(0～50 cm)沉积物电导率和孔隙水电导率呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),说明沉积物和孔隙水之间进行着比较充分的离子迁移交换,两者之间的相互影响总体上高于对上覆水的影响.     

Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

Chlorine(Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis.This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products(oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment(water washing, sorting,microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace(absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.     

新生态型聚硅酸铁锰处理染料废水的优化

为了提高混凝剂对染料废水的净化效率,本文利用硅酸钠、硫酸亚铁和高锰酸钾为原料合成了新型复配混凝剂聚硅酸铁锰(PSFM),分别以直接大红、分散蓝和活性黄染料废水为处理对象进行混凝模拟实验,研究了碱度和浊度等因素对PSFM混凝去除染料性能影响.结果表明,PSFM对直接大红和分散蓝染料废水具有较好的混凝净化效能,其色度和TOC去除率分别可达99.2%、95.4%和98.5%、93.8%,效果优于聚硅酸铁(PSF)、Al2(SO4)3和Fe Cl3等常规混凝剂,PSFM对活性黄染料废水色度和TOC去除率分别为56.3%和51.3%.浊度对PSFM混凝效能无明显影响.在碱度分别为50、0和75 mg·L~(-1)时,PSFM对直接大红、分散蓝和活性黄去除率分别达到最高.此外,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等高级表征手段对PSFM进行了表征,对混凝过程中的混合液和絮体分别进行Zeta电位和絮体粒径在线监测,探索得PSFM混凝主要机制为Fe+与Mn+水解产生的带正电的多核配合物和聚硅的桥联聚合,同时还包括新生态水合二氧化锰和羟基氧化铁的吸附助凝作用.     

Study on the role of copper converter slag in simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry

To achieve “waste controlled by waste”, a novel wet process using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry for simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx from acid-making tail gas was proposed. Through the solid-liquid separation for copper slag slurry, the liquid-phase part has a critical influence on removing NOx and SO2. Also, the leached metal ions played a crucial role in the absorption of SO2 and NOx. Subsequently, the effects of single/multi-metal ions on NOx removal was investigated. The results showed that the leached metal from copper converter slag (Al3+, Cu2+, and Mg2+) and KMnO4 had a synergistic effect on NOx removal, thereby improving the NOx removal efficiency. Whereas Fe2+ had an inhibitory effect on the NOx removal owing to the reaction between Fe2+ and KMnO4, thereby consuming the KMnO4. Besides, SO2 was converted to SO42? completely partly due to the liquid catalytic oxidation by metal ions. The XRD and XPS results indicated that the Fe (II) species (Fe2SiO4, Fe3O4) in copper slag can react with H+ ions with the generation of Fe2+, and further consumed the KMnO4, thereby resulting in a decrease in the NOx removal. The characterization of the slags and solutions before and after reaction led us to propose the possible mechanisms. The role of copper slag is as follows: (1) the alkaline substances in copper slag can absorb SO2 and NO2 by KMnO4 oxidation. (2) copper slag may function as a catalyst to accelerate SO2 conversion and improve NOx removal by synergistic effect between leached metal ions and KMnO4.     

Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in human blood and milk

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants (BFRs) which have recently been detected in human blood and milk in the USA, and presently these PBDE levels are found to be the highest globally. On a population basis, individual blood and individual milk analyses show similar congener patterns and levels. Until now, there has not been a study comparing PBDE levels in milk and blood of the same individuals. This study is the first to report these levels for PBDEs, though partitioning between blood and milk has been done previously for dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Twelve congeners in 11 nursing mothers’ blood and milk were found and the data describe partitioning ratios between blood and milk. The data suggest it may be easier for smaller, less brominated congeners to move from blood to milk.     

Positive group affective tone and team creativity: Negative group affective tone and team trust as boundary conditions

Drawing on multiple group‐level theories, we explored boundary conditions of the relationship between positive group affective tone (PGAT) and team creativity. We collected data from members and leaders of 68 research and development teams and performed hierarchical linear modeling analyses to test our hypotheses. Consistent with the “group‐centrism” perspective, we found that PGAT was beneficial for team creativity only when team trust was low; when trust was high, PGAT had a negative relationship with team creativity. In accord with the “dual‐tuning” perspective, the positive effect of PGAT on creativity was present only when team trust was low but negative group affective tone was high. We discussed the theoretical and practical implications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于环境影响的绿化物流成本初探

作为物流服务价值的重要组成部分,物流成本受到相关企业的普遍重视,物流成本核算对于制定科学合理的微观物流策略、提高企业经济运行质量和效率具有重要意义。然而作为物流成本核算的基础,当前的微观物流成本构成中并未考虑企业物流活动的环境影响,不能真正反映物流活动的全部成本,从而影响了企业的可持续健康发展。基于资源环境的价值理论,提出应以绿化物流成本来衡量企业物流活动的全部消耗,即在微观物流成本构成中考虑环境成本,并给出了微观绿化物流成本的基本公式。     

概率火灾安全分析方法研究

为分析和评估火灾对设备、建筑物等敏感目标结构安全的影响,结合化工定量风险评估方法和气体爆炸概率安全分析方法,提出概率火灾安全分析策略和实施流程。该方法包括火灾危害辨识、泄漏速率计算、火灾后果模拟、频率分析、绘制频率超越热载荷曲线、结构响应分析等关键步骤。以某柴油罐区为例,通过频率分析和火灾模拟,绘制出频率超越热载荷曲线,假定火灾风险可接受准则为10-4/a,求得对应的可信热载荷为21 kW/m2,并以此值作为结构热响应分析的输入参数。火灾概率安全分析方法侧重于描述火灾热辐射强度及其对应的发生可能性,判定敏感目标遭遇的可信火灾热载荷强度和结构热响应行为,评估消防减灾措施效果,确保结构完整性和可用性,不评价工艺系统潜在火灾风险的高低。