Environmental risk assessment of selected organic chemicals based on TOC test and QSAR estimation models

Environmental risks of organic chemicals have been greatly determined by their persistence,bioaccumulation, and toxicity(PBT) and physicochemical properties. Major regulations in different countries and regions identify chemicals according to their bioconcentration factor(BCF) and octanol–water partition coefficient(Kow), which frequently displays a substantial correlation with the sediment sorption coefficient(Koc). Half-life or degradability is crucial for the persistence evaluation of chemicals. Quantitative structure activity relationship(QSAR) estimation models are indispensable for predicting environmental fate and health effects in the absence of field-or laboratory-based data. In this study, 39 chemicals of high concern were chosen for half-life testing based on total organic carbon(TOC) degradation,and two widely accepted and highly used QSAR estimation models(i.e., EPI Suite and PBT Profiler) were adopted for environmental risk evaluation. The experimental results and estimated data, as well as the two model-based results were compared, based on the water solubility, Kow, Koc, BCF and half-life. Environmental risk assessment of the selected compounds was achieved by combining experimental data and estimation models. It was concluded that both EPI Suite and PBT Profiler were fairly accurate in measuring the physicochemical properties and degradation half-lives for water, soil, and sediment.However, the half-lives between the experimental and the estimated results were still not absolutely consistent. This suggests deficiencies of the prediction models in some ways, and the necessity to combine the experimental data and predicted results for the evaluation of environmental fate and risks of pollutants.     

垃圾填埋场雨污分流的措施探讨

对山谷型垃圾填埋场的雨污分流系统进行了论述。对城市垃圾卫生填埋场的雨污分流措施进行了系统化的分类、探讨。结合山西省某垃圾填埋场的设计,对填埋场分区建设中的雨污分流提出了解决方案。     

造纸厂土壤中短链和中链氯化石蜡的污染特征和风险评估

短链氯化石蜡是一类新型持久性有机污染物,氯化石蜡在造纸工业中常用作施胶剂,为了评估造纸厂区土壤中短链及中链氯化石蜡（SCCPs及MCCPs）的污染状况及其潜在风险,采集厂区表层和不同深度的土壤,利用全二维气相色谱-电子捕获负化学离子源-质谱（GC×GC-ECNI-MS）测定土壤中短链及中链氯化石蜡（SCCPs及MCCPs）的含量及同类物分布特征.结果表明,SCCPs和MCCPs在厂区土壤中均有检出,其含量分别为42~3853 ng·g^-1和34~2091 ng·g^-1,氯含量分别为59.9%~61.9%和48.7%~52.8%.不同采样点土壤样品中CPs（ΣSCCPs+ΣMCCPs）含量差异较大,污水处理区及施胶区土壤中SCCPs及MCCPs含量较高.与其他地区相比,厂区土壤中SCCPs及MCCPs处于较高水平.C₁₀Cl_6-7及C_14-15Cl₅是大部分土壤样品的主要同类物.主成分分析表明,厂区土壤中SCCPs及MCCPs可能主要来自于CP52产品的生产和使用.运用风险商值模型（RQ）评价SCCPs及MCCPs在造纸厂区土壤中的潜在风险,发现厂区土壤中SCCPs风险商范围为0.01~0.73,处于中等风险范围,MCCPs风险商范围为0~0.07,处于低等风险范围.儿童和成人人体暴露值低于TDI［10 μg·（kg·d）^-1］,造纸厂区非饮食暴露导致的健康风险较低.     

基于不确定性分析的土壤-水稻系统镉污染综合风险评估

从不确定性角度评估土壤-水稻系统镉(Cd)累积风险有助于风险决策的科学性和合理性.本研究应用物种敏感性分布模型(SSD)、健康风险评价模型及Monte Carlo模拟方法分析湖南省攸县土壤-水稻系统Cd富集特征,土壤Cd累积风险和稻米Cd健康风险.结果表明攸县稻米Cd富集因子(PUF)平均水平为1.86,多数Cd超标稻米样品来自土壤酸化严重的区域;土壤Cd污染负荷系数为2.4,隶属于强污染水平;在当前土壤Cd累积条件下,10年后研究区土壤Cd含量处于中度污染水平的概率达到90.4%;健康风险评价显示研究区成人经食用大米Cd平均摄入量(以BW计)为2.9μg·(kg·d)-1,有93.9%的概率高于WHO推荐标准.稻米Cd健康风险指数(HRI)主要集中在2.1~4.7之间,健康风险水平较高.当土壤pH5.5时,HRI1的概率为95.3%,土壤pH6时,HRI1的概率降为68.1%.     

燃煤锅炉低氮氧化物燃烧特性的神经网络预报

大型燃煤电站锅炉的低NO_x燃烧技术日益受到关注,但NO_x的排放特性复杂,受煤种、锅炉设计结构和操作参数等多种因素影响.在对某台600MW四角切圆燃煤电站锅炉的NO_x排放特性和飞灰含碳量特性进行多工况热态测试的基础上,应用人工神经网络的非线性动力学特性及自学习特性,建立了大型四角切圆燃烧锅炉NO_x排放特性和燃烧经济性的神经网络模型,并对此模型进行了校验.结果表明,该模型能根据燃煤特性及各种操作参数准确预报锅炉在不同工况下的NO_x排放和飞灰含碳量特性,可为大型电站锅炉通过燃烧调整降低NO_x排放和提高锅炉燃烧效率提供有效手段.     

磁场水处理技术中微观电磁感应行为分析

运用电磁学基础知识,引用分子电流模型,通过数学推导,分析得出水系统中微观粒子因受到电磁感应影响,可引发电子云分布改变。同时论证说明各磁场因素对该过程的影响,并通过试验进行了验证。分析表明:在磁场水处理技术中,微观电磁感应现象更具有普遍意义,进一步揭示磁场水处理技术的磁场作用机理,为磁场水处理装置的设计与应用提供了依据。     

Selective adsorption of phenanthrene dissolved in surfactant solution using activated carbon

Selective adsorption of a hazardous hydrophobic organic compound (HOC) by activated carbon as a means of recovering surfactants after a soil washing process was investigated. As a model system, phenanthrene was selected as a representative HOC and Triton X-100 as a nonionic surfactant. Three activated carbons that differed in size (Darco 20–40 (D20), 12–20 (D12) and 4–12 (D4) mesh sizes) were used in adsorption experiments. Adsorption of surfactant onto activated carbon showed a constant maximum above the critical micelle concentration, which were 0.30, 0.23, 0.15 g g⁻¹ for D20, D12, and D4, respectively. Selectivity for phenanthrene to Triton X-100 was much higher than 1 over a wide range of activated carbon doses (0–6 g l⁻¹) and initial phenanthrene concentrations (10–110 mg l⁻¹). Selectivity generally increased with decreasing particle size, increasing activated carbon dose, and decreasing initial concentration of phenanthrene. The highest selectivity was 74.9, 57.3, and 38.3 for D20, D12, and D4, respectively, at the initial conditions of 10 mg l⁻¹ phenanthrene, 5 g l⁻¹ Triton X-100 and 1 g l⁻¹ activated carbon. In the case of D20 at the same conditions, 86.5% of the initial phenanthrene was removed by sorption and 93.6% of the initial Triton X-100 remained in the solution following the selective adsorption process. The results suggest that the selective adsorption by activated carbon is a good alternative for surfactant recovery in a soil washing process.     

非分散红外法应用于在用柴油车NOx排放检测的研究

柴油车排放的NO_x量大且占比高,污染状况不容忽视。针对目前柴油车排放环保定期检验中缺少NO_x检测方法和标准的情况,采用非分散红外法对210辆柴油车NO_x排放进行实测。结果显示,加载减速检测工况中80%VelMaxHP工况点可用于柴油车NO_x排放检测,有利于识别高排放车辆。该方法的推广应用,将为今后柴油车后处理装置的效果监管和车辆NO_x实际排放的日常检测提供重要技术支撑。     

哈尔滨市政排水现状调查与发展对策分析

文章对哈尔滨市市政排水设施状况进了详细调查与研究,总结出“科学规划、合理布局,逐步完善排水基础设施;分步实施、重点突破,积极推进合流制排水系统改造;强化管理、科技创新,稳步提高现有排水设施的利用率”等管理经验。指出哈尔滨市排水建设与管理中存在的突出问题,并从建设资金来源、法制化管理、污泥处理设施规划建设以及建立路网改造与排水管网建设协调配合机制、加大排水管网建设力度等方面提出对策。     

防振锤对大跨越输电线微风振动影响的试验研究

防振锤安装方式是架空大跨越输电线路防振设计的重要问题。设计制作了防振锤-大跨越输电线体系的微风振动试验模型,研究了不同张力作用下防振锤-输电线体系的振动响应,分析了FR4型防振锤锤头朝向、FR4型和FDN型防振锤混合安装方式对大跨越导线的振动影响。试验结果表明:(1)相同激励下,安装防振锤的导线振动幅值要小于未安装防振锤的裸导线,但随着导线张力的增大,防振锤的防振频段收窄,防振效果降低;(2)FR4型防振锤对15~25Hz激励频段的防振效果较好,其大小锤头朝向对导线振动影响较大,锤头朝向不同,防振锤的防振效果不尽相同;(3)采用混合式安装防振锤的防振效果优于同型号的安装方式。