大九湖泥炭藓湿地对磷、铜污染物净化作用的模拟研究

在大九湖泥炭藓沼泽湿地采用野外实地模拟方法,就泥炭藓湿地对铜、磷两种污染物的净化能力进行了研究。结果表明,磷污染物浓度分别为10,100,1 000 mg/L时,两小时后泥炭藓湿地对该污染物的净化率分别为939%,695%,663%;同样的浓度梯度下,对铜污染物的净化率分别为1000%,976%,880%。泥炭藓湿地对污染物具有很强的净化能力,其泥炭层部分在湿地净化污染物中起到重要作用。利用拟一级动力学模型、修改上限的拟一级动力学模型、拟二级动力学模型、Elovich模型、双常数速率模型、抛物线扩散模型等6个模型对泥炭藓湿地的净化进行动态研究,其中后4个模型均可模拟湿地净化的动态过程。长期预测以拟二级动力学模型为最佳。     

基于污染物总量控制的流域预警体系构建研究

文章通过对中国目前水环境质量现状分析,指出流域环境预警体系建立的必要性,并选择总量控制指标作为预警体系的评价指标。利用层次分析法建立基于污染物总量控制的流域预警体系,确定预警因子的权重和评分标准,设立临界状态,不良状态预警、缓慢恶化预警和迅速恶化预警4个级别,为建立流域环境质量预警体系提供借鉴。     

从“人肉搜索”看网络媒介灾害信息的非主流传播

汶川地震“人肉搜索”事件集中代表了网络媒介灾害信息的非主流传播，成为灾后社会舆论的重要组成部分。本文从汶川地震“人肉搜索”事件入手，结合大量实例，分析了网络媒介灾害信息非主流传播的特点、功能及存在的问题，并提出了有效解决的方法。     

Moisture distribution in sludges based on different testing methods

Moisture distributions in municipal sewage sludge, printing and dyeing sludge and paper mill sludge were experimentally studied based on four different methods, i.e., drying test, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) test, thermogravimetricdifferential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test and water activity test. The results indicated that the moistures in the mechanically dewatered sludges were interstitial water, surface water and bound water. The interstitial water accounted for more than 50% wet basis (wb) of the total moisture content. The bond strength of sludge moisture increased with decreasing moisture content, especially when the moisture content was lower than 50% wb. Furthermore, the comparison among the four different testing methods was presented.The drying test was advantaged by its ability to quantify free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water; while TG-DSC test, TG-DTA test and water activity test were capable of determining the bond strength of moisture in sludge. It was found that the results from TG-DSC and TG-DTA test are more persuasive than water activity test.     

控制中国燃煤发电污染的构想

控制中国燃煤发电污染的思路是,从中国主要大中型燃煤发电厂的容量和其用煤数据出发,考察中国燃煤发电的SO_2排放情况。结合对发电新技术开发评价研究的投资数据,估计为达到不同环境控制标准所需要的投资费用。设想通过征收电价附加费的办法积累燃煤电站的技术改造和采用新技术重建的资金。考虑研究开发和示范这些新技术所需要的时间,在估计累积这笔资全的时间为15年的假设下,附加费的变动范围(取决于不同技术组合的选择)大约为每度电增加0.005～0.01元。本方案的可行之处在于,为改善环境对电费所做的轻微提价,中国的全社会是可以接受的。而且这一方案又同时给出发展和应用新技术所需要的时间,它允许中国在多数燃煤发电技术上可以开展具有自己特点的研究开发工作。这些新技术在解决中国燃煤电站的改造和重建的同时,必然也会走向更广阔的世界市场。     

中央空调系统噪声测评与控制对策

由于中央空调设计缺陷，安装时没有采取有效的减振措施引起机壳振动或管道风量调节不当，导致噪声超标，引发了许多经济纠纷。只有通过对空调系统噪声进行正确测试与合理评价，找出噪声超标的原因，才能化解这方面的矛盾。     

Transport of anthracene and benz(a)anthracene through iron-quartz and three aquifer materials in laboratory columns

In groundwater systems, dissolved natural organic matter (NOM) can influence the mobility of organic contaminants by altering the contaminant behavior in water and solid phases. The transport of anthracene and benz(a)anthracene (B(a)A) was studied in the presence and absence of NOM and/or soil organic matter (SOM) in column experiments. The results show that sorption are related to the properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), NOM and SOM. In the Fe-quartz media, the amount of NOM (20 mg/l) in solution had a little effect on increasing the apparent solubility of anthracene and countering increased anthracene sorption. In the natural (Bemidji) soil, Suwannee river fulvic acid (SRFA, 20 mg/l) and Suwannee river humic acid (SRHA) in water did not compete with SOM for anthracene, indicating that SOM has higher partition efficiency for anthracene. It was also observed that slow diffusion through an organic phase apparently caused most of the observed tailing in column breakthrough curves (BTCs). Even though the fOC of washed Bemidji sediment was very low, the transport of B(a)A was retarded significantly, however, and the transport of B(a)A was shown to be facilitated by dissolved NOM.     

基于源汇过程模拟的鄱阳湖流域总磷污染源解析

近年来鄱阳湖磷污染问题突出,总磷超标且浓度逐年增加,成为制约鄱阳湖流域（江西）经济社会可持续发展的重要因素.为科学解析鄱阳湖总磷污染来源,耦合多污染源污染负荷估算方法和SPARROW模型,建立基于源汇过程模拟的流域污染源解析技术方法,针对鄱阳湖流域13种总磷污染源开展负荷估算、模拟校核和入湖时空贡献定量解析.结果表明:①鄱阳湖总磷负荷以陆域输入为主（占90.8%）,主要污染来源为农业和城镇生活源,贡献率分别为56.4%和30.6%;污染来源按贡献率的大小排序依次为种植业（29.3%）>城镇生活（24.6%）>畜禽养殖（17.2%）>水产养殖（9.9%）>内源释放（6.9%）>城市径流（6.0%）>农村生活（2.2%）>工业企业（1.6%）>其他源（0.46%）.②在空间贡献方面,总磷入湖负荷主要来自于滨湖区和赣江集水区,贡献率分别为33.5%和31.8%,其他集水区总磷贡献率较小（合计为25.5%）,湖体贡献率为9.2%;同时,不同子流域污染源贡献结构也存在空间差异性.③在时间贡献方面,总磷入湖负荷量呈季节性波动特征,贡献峰值多出现在6月,雨季（3—8月）陆源输入负荷占全年的70%.④所构建的基于源汇过程模拟的污染源解析模型可用于流域水污染来源成因精细化解析.研究显示,鄱阳湖总磷污染来源具有明显时空差异性,建议围绕滨湖区和赣江集水区等高贡献区域设立优先管控区,重点针对种植业、城镇生活、畜禽养殖和水产养殖源,制定磷污染源汇过程减排政策措施,以改善鄱阳湖水环境质量.      

芦竹和木本植物间种修复重金属污染土壤

通过温室盆栽实验,研究草本植物芦竹与木本植物构树、桑树间种修复重金属污染土壤的潜力.结果表明,重金属污染土壤上芦竹与构树、桑树间种有利于植物的生长,提高植物对污染土壤中重金属的富集能力,并有效改善土壤酶活性.重金属污染土壤上单种芦竹、构树和桑树的叶片光合色素含量随着修复时间的延长呈下降趋势,而芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,构树叶片叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量,桑树叶片叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均与修复初期(90 d)相比无显著差异;桑树叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及类胡萝卜素含量较单种桑树分别显著(P 0. 05)提高99. 1%、177. 1%和119. 9%,且整株生物量显著(P 0. 05)提高26. 1%.芦竹-构树间种下植物地上部分Pb和Zn总量较单种芦竹分别显著(P 0. 05)提高171%和124%;芦竹-桑树间种下植物地上部分As和Pb总量较单种桑树和芦竹修复分别显著(P 0. 05)提高150%和76. 5%.芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,污染土壤中As、Cd、Pb和Zn的赋存形态无明显变化,而且土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和总磷酸酶活性明显优于部分单一植物修复.上述结果表明,芦竹与构树、桑树间种可有效用于重金属污染土壤修复,还可改善污染土壤的环境质量.     

Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils, Beijing

Urbanization processes affect the accumulation of heavy metals in urban soils. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in soils were studied using Beijing as an example. It has been suggested that the ecological function of vegetation covers shifting from natural to agricultural settings and then to urban greenbelts could increase the zinc(Zn) concentrations of soils successively. The Zn concentration of urban soils was significantly correlated to the percentage of the impervious land surface at the500 m × 500 m spatial scale. For urban parks, the age or years since the development accounted for 80% of the variances of cadmium(Cd) and Zn in soils. The population density,however, did not affect the heavy metal distributions in urban soils. To conclude, the urban age turned out to be a notable factor in quantifying heavy metal accumulation in urban soils.