环境因素对文物的影响及文物考古环境保护问题探讨

文章在分析大气、水、辐射、地下水等环境因素对文物的影响和文物考古对环境影响的基础上,从田野考古的环境保护措施、文物及遗址的保护与生态环境的改善、加强污染防治,保证环境质量、环保部门与文物部门合作等方面提出文物考古及保护的环境保护措施建议。     

区域规划环评中生态系统服务功能影响评价方法初探研究

生态系统服务功能是维系区域生态系统安全的重要保障,从生态系统服务功能角度评价区域规划对生态系统的影响具有重要意义。目前在规划环评中应用生态系统服务功能评价的案例仍然较少,本文基于目标导向性影响评价理念,构建生态系统服务功能影响指标体系,以及基于RS与GIS技术的空间评价方法,旨在探索建立一套适用于区域尺度规划环境影响评价的可行的生态系统服务功能影响评价模式。针对区域主要的生态系统服务功能类型,选择能够准确衡量功能强弱且对人类干扰敏感的因子作为主要评价指标．通过指标的变化趋势和规划建设空间分析,评价规划实施对区域主要生态系统服务功能造成的影响,根据评价结果提出相应的避让、减缓、补偿、优化等对策措施,保障区域生态系统服务功能不降低。     

石化企业气体泄漏红外成像检测技术研究进展

介绍了气体泄漏红外成像检测技术的工作原理和分类,综述了国内外相关单位的研究进展,重点分析了国外公司对被动式红外成像检测技术的研究情况,并对技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

模拟酸雨下铅锌冶炼废渣重金属的静态释放特征

以株洲某铅锌冶炼废水中和渣为研究对象,开展不同初始pH值（3.0,4.5,5.6和7.0）模拟酸雨静态浸出实验,研究22d浸泡过程中废渣Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等重金属的动态释放规律及其化学形态变化和矿物相变特征.结果表明,废渣具有较强的酸缓冲潜力,浸出液pH值稳定在6.20~6.66.Cu和Pb在浸泡初期释放较快,Cd和Zn释放相对较慢.浸出液Cd浓度随浸出时间增加而上升,Zn浓度呈波动变化,Cu和Pb浓度变幅较小.提高雨水酸度促进废渣中重金属的释放,浸出液Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn浓度范围分别为1.38~8.70,0~0.02,1.21~2.26和27.2~135mg/L,其中Cd、Pb和Zn浓度分别超过我国《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》（GB 25466-2010）限值的26.6~173倍、1.42~3.52倍和17.1~89.0倍..重金属BCR顺序提取表明,浸出液中较高Cd和Zn浓度与其赋存高活性态比例一致,且酸雨促使残渣态Cd和Pb向活性态转化.XRD分析显示,pH=3.0酸雨处理22d后原废渣中Cd和Zn的赋存矿物相消失,PbSO₄谱峰增强,表明废渣重金属的释放受其赋存矿物相及次生矿物形成的影响.重金属释放率呈现出Cd （2.50%~15.8%）> Zn （0.41%~2.13%）> Pb （0.06%~0.10%）> Cu （0.0003%~0.11%）的趋势.自然堆存酸雨作用下废渣中Cd、Pb和Zn具有较大环境风险,需加强降雨淋滤污染防治管控.     

西南地区夏季极端降水的水汽来源分析

西南地区地形复杂,极端降水极易形成山洪并引发地质灾害,1998年夏季西南降水达709.3 mm,超出平均降水约23.9%。经使用水汽追踪模型WAM2layers和ERA-Interim再分析资料等大数据追踪西南降水水汽来源,发现西南夏季降水主要有四个源区,分别是西南季风区、西风带区、本地和东南季风区,1998年夏季分别贡献了330.1 mm、110.0 mm、104.8 mm和65.6 mm水汽,约占所追踪降水的52.2%、17.4%、16.6%和10.4%。西南季风区作为最大源区,贡献了超过一半的降水水汽。增加的降水其水汽主要来自西南季风区、西风带区和本地,比平均分别多贡献80.1 mm、29.3 mm和27.1 mm,合占所增加降水的99.9%;其中又以西南季风区贡献占主导。进一步发现,1998年夏季太平洋副高向西南延伸,并在北孟加拉湾和我国南海形成两个高压中心异常,导致西南季风向我国西南地区的水汽输送异常强劲,从而造成西南地区降水异常增多。     

Influence of drying and calcination temperatures for Ce-Cu-Al trimetallic composite catalyst on simultaneous removal H2S and PH3: Experimental and DFT studies

This work explored the influences of the drying and calcination temperatures on a Ce-Cu-Al trimetallic composite catalyst for the simultaneous removal of H₂S and PH₃. The effects of both temperatures on the structural features and activity were examined. The density functional theory method was used to calculate adsorption energies and further analyze their adsorption behavior on different slabs. Experiments revealed suitable drying and calcination temperatures to be 60 and 500°C, respectively. The capacity reached 323.8 and 288.1 mg/g. Adjusting drying temperature to 60°C is more inclined to form larger and structured grains of CuO. Rising calcinating temperature to 500°C could increase the grain size and redox capacity of CuO to promote performance. Higher temperatures would destroy the surface structure and lead to a crystal phase transformation, which was that the CuO and Al₂O₃ were gradually recombined into CuAl₂O₄ with a spinel structure. The exposed crystal planes of surficial CuO and CuAl₂O₄ were determined according to characterization results. Calculation results showed that, compared with CuO (111), H₂S and PH₃ have weaker adsorption strength on CuAl₂O₄ (100) which is not conducive to their adsorption and removal.     

河流水质模拟及污染源归因分析

针对大连市登沙河流域水环境质量问题,采用输出系数法估算流域内工业点源、农村生活、畜禽养殖、农业种植的氨氮和总磷入河污染负荷,基于QUAL2K水质模型模拟污染物的迁移转化规律,解析各污染源在不同时、空尺度下对河流中、下游水质考核断面的污染负荷贡献.结果表明：畜禽养殖是研究区氨氮污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面氨氮总负荷的56.5%和43.2%;农业种植是总磷污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面总磷总负荷的50.4%和59.1%.此外,由于天然降水及人类活动的季节性特征,各污染源的负荷贡献亦呈现年内变化.基于以上分析,进一步因地制宜地提出研究区水环境治理措施建议,研究可为我国农村地区中小河流水质改善及水环境管理提供示范参考和决策依据.     

Association of emergency room visits for respiratory diseases with sources of ambient PM2.5

Previous studies have reported associations of short-term exposure to different sources of ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and increased mortality or hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. Few studies, however, have focused on the short-term effects of source-specific PM_(2.5) on emergency room visits(ERVs) of respiratory diseases. Source apportionment for PM_(2.5) was performed with Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) and generalized additive model was applied to estimate associations between source-specific PM_(2.5) and respiratory disease ERVs. The association of PM_(2.5) and total respiratory ERVs was found on lag4(RR = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.002, 1.020) per interquartile range(76 μg/m~3) increase.We found PM_(2.5) to be significantly associated with asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) ERVs, with the strongest effects on lag5(RR = 1.072,95%CI: 1.024, 1.119), lag4(RR = 1.104, 95%CI: 1.032, 1.176) and lag3(RR = 1.091, 95%CI: 1.047,1.135), respectively. The estimated effects of PM_(2.5) changed little after adjusting for different air pollutants. Six primary PM_(2.5) sources were identified using PMF analysis, including dust/soil(6.7%), industry emission(4.5%), secondary aerosols(30.3%), metal processing(3.2%),coal combustion(37.5%) and traffic-related source(17.8%). Some of the sources were identified to have effects on ERVs of total respiratory diseases(dust/soil, secondary aerosols, metal processing, coal combustion and traffic-related source), bronchitis ERVs(dust/soil) and COPD ERVs(traffic-related source, industry emission and secondary aerosols). Different sources of PM_(2.5) contribute to increased risk of respiratory ERVs to different extents, which may provide potential implications for the decision making of air quality related policies, rational emission control and public health welfare.     

Long-term impacts of graphene oxide and Ag nanoparticles on anammox process: Performance, microbial community and toxic mechanism

The increasing application of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) has posed an emerging challenge to constructed wetland wastewater treatment. The performance, microbial community and toxic mechanism of anammox-based unplanted subsurface-flow constructed wetlands (USFCWs) were investigated under the long-term exposure of different graphene oxides (GOs) and Ag NP concentrations. Results showed that the addition of GO could promote TN removal, manifesting as function anammox bacteria C. Anammoxoglobus having a relative high abundance, for GO did not cause significant damage to the cell integrity though there was an increase in ROS concentrations. TN removal would not be obviously affected under exposure of 1?mg/L Ag NPs, for the function gene related to cell biogenesis and repair was up-regulated; while the addition of 10?mg/L Ag NPs would have an inhibiting effect on TN removal in the USFCWs, for the disappearance of some species having anammox ability. Key enzymes of anammox process (NIR and HDH) decreased to some extent under GO and Ag NP exposure, and function gene of defense mechanisms had an increase trend in samples.     

Zebrafish embryo toxicity of 15 chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated disinfection by-products

Disinfection to protect human health occurs at drinking water and wastewater facilities through application of non-selective oxidants including chlorine. Oxidants also transform organic material and form disinfection by-products (DBPs), many of which are halogenated and cyto- and genotoxic. Only a handful of assays have been used to compare DBP toxicity, and researchers are unsure which DBP(s) drive the increased cancer risk associated with drinking chlorinated water. The most extensive data set employs an in vitro model cell, Chinese hamster ovary cells. Traditionally, most DBP research focuses on the threat to human health, but the effects on aquatic species exposed to DBPs in wastewater effluents remain ill defined. We present the developmental toxicity for 15 DBPs and a chlorinated wastewater to a model aquatic vertebrate, zebrafish. Mono-halogenated DBPs followed the in vivo toxicity rank order: acetamides > acetic acids > acetonitriles ~ nitrosamines, which agrees well with previously published mammalian in vitro data. Di- and tri-halogenated acetonitriles were more toxic than their mono-halogenated analogues, and bromine- and iodine-substituted DBPs tended to be more toxic than chlorinated analogues. No zebrafish development effects were observed after exposure to undiluted or non-concentrated, chlorinated wastewater. We find zebrafish development to be a viable in vivo alternative or confirmatory assay to mammalian in vitro cell assays.