Vegetation dynamics and climate change on the Loess Plateau,China: 1982–2011

Monitoring the dynamics of vegetation growth and its response to climate change is important to understand the mechanisms underlying ecosystem behaviors. This study investigated the relationship between vegetation growth and climate change during the growing seasons on the Loess Plateau in China by analyzing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the Land Long Term Data Record dataset from 1982 to 2011. Results showed that growing-season NDVI had increased at an annual rate of 0.0028, particularly in the semi-arid and semi-humid regions. By contrast, the NDVI first increased from 1982 to 1994 (0.0013 year^?1, P < 0.05) and then decreased from 1994 to 2011 (0.0016 year^?1, P < 0.05) in the arid region. Temperature had a positive effect on NDVI in most periods within and across seasons in the semi-humid region but had no significant effect in the arid region. Precipitation had a positive effect on NDVI in the arid region in summer and in the semi-arid region in autumn. Summer precipitation was important for autumn vegetation growth in the arid region, whereas summer temperature increased autumn vegetation growth in the semi-arid and semi-humid regions. Further analyses supported the lag-time effects of climate change on vegetation growth on the Loess Plateau. Precipitation shifts had 15- to 18-month time lag effects on vegetation growth in the three climate regions. Vegetation NDVI had a 17-month lag response to temperature in the semi-arid region. Human activities should not be neglected in analyzing the relationship between vegetation growth and climate change on the Loess Plateau.     

Forecasting municipal solid waste generation in a fast-growing urban region with system dynamics modeling

Both planning and design of municipal solid waste management systems require accurate prediction of solid waste generation. Yet achieving the anticipated prediction accuracy with regard to the generation trends facing many fast-growing regions is quite challenging. The lack of complete historical records of solid waste quantity and quality due to insufficient budget and unavailable management capacity has resulted in a situation that makes the long-term system planning and/or short-term expansion programs intangible. To effectively handle these problems based on limited data samples, a new analytical approach capable of addressing socioeconomic and environmental situations must be developed and applied for fulfilling the prediction analysis of solid waste generation with reasonable accuracy. This study presents a new approach--system dynamics modeling--for the prediction of solid waste generation in a fast-growing urban area based on a set of limited samples. To address the impact on sustainable development city wide, the practical implementation was assessed by a case study in the city of San Antonio, Texas (USA). This area is becoming one of the fastest-growing regions in North America due to the economic impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The analysis presents various trends of solid waste generation associated with five different solid waste generation models using a system dynamics simulation tool--Stella. Research findings clearly indicate that such a new forecasting approach may cover a variety of possible causative models and track inevitable uncertainties down when traditional statistical least-squares regression methods are unable to handle such issues.     

陕西省1990年自然灾害和救灾工作回顾：兼谈1991年减灾对策

本文在回顾1990年陕西省灾情及救灾工作基础上,提出了强化政府在减灾中的职能,搞好灾情预测预报、及早制定防灾预案及灾前准备工作的减灾对策。     

化工反应装置危险性分析模式的研究

从近年来化工企业的安全生产事故可以看出,化工生产由于其自身的特点,具有较大的火灾爆炸危险性,因此,正确地对化工企业生产的危险性进行分析,对准确地评价化工企业的安全生产状况非常重要.针对化工企业的安全生产特点,提出了一种针对化工反应装置的危险性分析模式,不仅考虑了生产原料及工艺设备,同时也对工艺过程进行了危险性分析.应用实例表明,该模式对于化工装置的危险性分析具有较强的针对性和可靠性.     

光纤传感器在个体防护装备上的应用进展

1引言 在战场上,个体防护装备对士兵有效地发挥战斗力和避免伤亡起到关键的作用。现代科学技术在军事领域的广泛应用,使得防护装备突破了传统模式,新一代的单兵防护装备不仅要抵御武器的袭击,而且要避免自然环境、化学试剂、火焰和其他战场灾难的危害,须成为高度智能化的作战服。     

多级A/O工艺在国内的应用现状

多级A/O工艺目前在国内市政和部分工业污水处理领域应用较多,具有预处理和污泥处理系统简单,污泥负荷低、处理效果好且稳定,投资低,曝气系统效率高、运行成本较低,维护管理简便等特点,但是在实际运行中也发现存在一些问题,如土池结构不适合地下水位高的地区的局限性,沉淀池效果较差、稳定池多余占地且污泥淤积难以清除,关键设备国产质量有待提高,工业污水处理少数水质指标偏高,需要设计人员选择适合其条件的场合应用,并进一步总结、改进和完善.     

基于置信区间的风暴潮灾害损失预警及对策研究

在运用因子分析法和熵值法对中国沿海11个省、自治区、直辖市进行风暴潮风险区划的基础上,运用置信区间法计算出各个区划内不同风暴潮等级对应的风暴潮经济损失、养殖业损失的置信区间。分析风暴潮置信区间结果,旨在有助于在增水等自然数据情况合理准确的预测基础上,对各个风险区划进行风险预警。并从防灾意识与产业结构调整两个方面提出了对策建议,力求使风暴潮造成的收入等经济损失最小化、保障沿海地区经济与社会的安全。     

ENS半干法除氟脱硫技术在烧结烟气净化中的应用

ENS半干法除氟脱硫技术是一种新型的烟气SO2分离技术,处理烟气中SO2体积分数为0.1%~5%,净化气SO2的含量可达到15×10-6左右。阐述了ENS半干法除氟脱硫技术的化学原理、工艺流程、与湿法比较的优缺点,并提出了ENS半干法除氟脱硫技术在烧结机头烟气净化中存在的问题及优化生产运行的建议。     

Considering climate change and regional differences: An efficiency assessment of coal mine use and land restoration

China is the country with the largest coal mining production and consumption in the world, but due to a large amount of coal burning, air pollution and climate change are exasperating related problems. The previous literature mainly has discussed coal mine production and environmental pollution, but failed to take into account external factors such as climate change and seldom discussed the relationship between coal mine land use and land restoration. Therefore, this study uses the meta-Epsilon-Based Measure two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis under the exogenous model and incorporates coal mine land use and land restoration use into the model to explore the relationship between the two under climate change. The research results are as follows. (1) If the external climate factors are not considered, then the phenomenon of overestimation or underestimation of the technology gap arises. (2) The efficiency value of the coal mining stage in most provinces is generally higher than the land restoration efficiency value.