Persistence of atrazine impact on aneuploidy in Pacific oysters,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis>

Widespread use of the herbicide atrazine has incited much research on its toxicity in aquatic systems, where it is routinely detected due to runoff from cultivated fields. Moreover, the determination of the genotoxic effect of such pollutants in the marine environment has become a major requirement for ecosystem protection. In the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, hypodiploid aneuploid cells have regularly been reported. There is a negative correlation between this phenomenon and growth, as well as evidence for a genetic basis. A positive relationship between atrazine and aneuploidy has previously been demonstrated in C. gigas adults and juveniles. To evaluate the persistence of this impact, our study examined the offspring of the same adult population previously treated with different atrazine doses (10 µg l^–1, representing a peak value found in a polluted environment and 100 µg l^–1), and a seawater control. We observed that these offspring exhibited significantly higher aneuploidy levels when their parents had been exposed to atrazine (14.9–16.9% in comparison with the control where the levels ranged from 11.4% to 12.8%). In addition, the present study examined the aneuploidy level of a sample of juveniles, previously exposed for 3.5 months to the same doses of atrazine, then transferred to non-polluted conditions for an additional period of 2.5 months; this aneuploidy level remained significantly different between the treatments applied. These results demonstrate the persistence of an atrazine impact on Pacific oyster aneuploidy in time, within and between generations, indicating that this widely used compound may represent an important factor causing at least medium-term damage to genetic material.Communicated by S.A. Poulet, Roscoff     

Information transfer and gain in flocks: the effects of quality and quantity of social information at different neighbour distances

We assessed experimentally how the quality and quantity of social information affected foraging decisions of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at different neighbour distances, and how individuals gained social information as a function of head position. Our experimental set up comprised three bottomless enclosures, each housing one individual placed on a line at different distances. The birds in the extreme enclosures were labelled senders and the one in the centre receiver. We manipulated the foraging opportunities of senders (enhanced, natural, no-foraging), and recorded the behaviour of the receiver. In the first experiment, receivers responded to the condition of senders. Their searching rate and food intake increased when senders foraged in enhanced conditions, and decreased in no-foraging conditions, in relation to natural conditions. Scanning was oriented more in the direction of conspecifics when senders behaviour departed from normal. In the second experiment, responses were dose dependent: receivers increased their searching rate and orientated their gaze more towards conspecifics with the number of senders foraging in enhanced food conditions. In no-foraging conditions, receivers decreased their searching and intake rates with the number of senders, but no variation was found in scanning towards conspecifics. Differences in foraging and scanning behaviour between enhanced and no-foraging conditions were much lower when neighbours were separated farther. Overall, information transfer within starling flocks affects individual foraging and scanning behaviour, with receivers monitoring and copying senders behaviour mainly when neighbours are close. Information transfer may be related to predation information (responding to the vigilance of conspecifics) and foraging information (responding to the feeding success of conspecifics). Both sources of information, balanced by neighbour distance, may simultaneously affect the behaviour of individuals in natural conditions.Communicated by H. Kokko     

Reciprocal altruism and food sharing decisions among Hiwi and Ache hunter–gatherers

The common occurrence of food transfers within human hunter–gatherer and forager–horticulturalist groups presents exciting test cases for evolutionary models of altruism. While kin biases in sharing are consistent with nepotism based on kin selection, there is much debate over the extent to which reciprocal altruism and tolerated scrounging provide useful explanations of observed behavior. This paper presents a model of optimal sharing breadth and depth, based on a general non-tit-for-tat form of risk-reduction based reciprocal altruism, and tests a series of predictions using data from Hiwi and Ache foragers. I show that large, high variance food items are shared more widely than small, easily acquired food items. Giving is conditional upon receiving in pairwise interactions and this correlation is usually stronger when the exchange of value rather than quantities is considered. Larger families and low producing families receive more and give less, consistent with the notion that marginal value may be a more salient currency than quantity.

Evolution of coral reef fish<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Thalassoma</Emphasis> spp. (Labridae). 1. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography

Wrasses in the genus Thalassoma comprise 27 recognized species that occur predominantly on coral reefs and subtropical rocky reefs worldwide. The phylogenetic relationships for 26 species were examined based on two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and 16S rRNA) and one nuclear intron (the first intron of the ribosomal protein S7). Two closely related species, the bird-wrasses (Gomphosus varius Lacepède, 1801 and G. caerulaeus Lacepède, 1801), were also included in the analysis. These species grouped within the genus Thalassoma. Thalassoma newtoni (Osório, 1891) from Sao Tome, which is generally synonymized with the Atlantic/Mediterranean Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758) appears to be a valid species. Using a molecular clock, the genus was estimated to have originally diverged 8–13 million years ago, with Thalassoma ballieui (Vaillant and Sauvage, 1875) from Hawaii and Thalassoma septemfasciata Scott, 1959 from Western Australia as the ancestral species. Approximately 5–10 million years ago, a sudden burst of speciation resulted in seven clades, which were resolved with the sequence data. The terminal Tethyan event and the closing of the Isthmus of Panama were probably the major historical factors shaping the evolution of species in the genus Thalassoma. These data on the spatio-temporal pattern of speciation in the Indo-Pacific indicate that peripheral species have been generated at various times throughout the history of the genus, and that none of the widespread species are relatively young. Thus, there is no clear support for centrifugal (youngest at the periphery) versus centripetal (oldest at the periphery) modes of generation of species, two theories which have been used to account for geographic gradients in species diversity.     

蛭石和沸石对番茄青枯病及土壤微生物的影响

施用沸石于番茄连作地，使番茄青枯病显著减少，但施用蛭石使番茄青枯病加重。施用沸石后土壤微生物生物量显著提高，而蛭石处理对土壤微生物生物量的影响不明显。沸石和蛭石都能提高土壤中真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量和土壤微生物活性，其中沸石处理的土壤高于蛭石处理的土壤。     

细叶桉造林密度试验初报

在细叶桉造林试验中，设计了7种密度，结果表明，在造林的当年，高密度林分能较早形成林分环境，有利于早期生长，而后来其个体间较早开始进行营养空间的竞争，部分个体生长受到抑制。随着时间的推移，高密度林分不利于冠径的发展。相应地低密度林分呈现出径生长较快的趋势，并且这种趋势随着树木长大而愈来愈明显。单株材积随密度的变化趋势与径的变化规律相一致。林分的蓄积量更大程度地受株数的作用，密度越大，蓄积量越大。建议细叶桉小径材和纸浆材的造林密度为2500株／hm^2。     

Effects of prey quantity on predatory wasps (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Polistes dominulus</Emphasis>) when patch quality differs

To determine the effects of prey quantity on central-place foraging of predatory wasps ( Polistes dominulus), prey of varying quality were distributed in patches. A field experiment was conducted, which controlled the amount and quality of prey available. 'Low-fed' colonies were provided with one-third the quantity of prey as that of 'high-fed' colonies. Both were provided with a 1:1 ratio of palatable:unpalatable prey. Experienced wasps of the high-fed colonies never selected unpalatable prey as their first choice of the day, whereas those of the low-fed colonies selected unpalatable prey as their first choice about 1:4 times. In general, wasps from the high-fed colonies reduced palatable patches to zero prey before exploiting unpalatable patches. Foundresses of high-fed colonies captured disproportionately more palatable prey than those of low-fed nests, but there was no correlation between ratio of palatable to unpalatable prey taken and the number of offspring produced. Wasps from low-fed colonies attacked unpalatable prey sooner, but not without considerable effort to avoid use of those patches. Foundresses of low-fed colonies also spent a greater proportion of time overall in unsuccessful search, which may explain why only wasps from low-fed colonies foraged on cool days. High-fed colonies produced more cells and more and heavier offspring than low-fed colonies. But the productivity of the low-fed colonies was greater than that of the 'natural' colonies, which had to find their own prey in a field-woodland area. These results indicate that prey scarcity changes foraging behavior and affects prey choice. These changes may not totally alleviate negative effects of unpalatable prey on colony development and offspring production. The results of this study increase understanding of the central-place foraging behavior of paper wasps, which are important biocontrol agents in natural and agricultural settings.     

The effects of male and female genotype on variance in male fertilization success in the red flour beetle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis>)

The number of eggs fertilized by a male at any given copulation (fertilization success) is affected by a large number of factors. Male insemination and sperm competition success and various female structures and/or processes that bias paternity in favor of some males over others (cryptic female choice) are all likely to affect fertilization success. We suggest that more comprehensive measures of male fertilization success can increase our understanding of postcopulatory sexual selection. To improve our understanding of the importance of various sources of variance in male fertilization success, we conducted a series of experiments using flour beetles. Different wild-type strains were used in reciprocal double mating experiments, against a phenotypic marker strain. We assessed the relative effects of female genotype, male genotype and mating order on independent and inclusive measures of male defense ability ( P ₁), male offense ability ( P ₂), and female remating behavior. Female genotype influenced both P ₁ and P ₂, and male genotype interacted strongly with female genotype in its effect on P ₂. We also documented an interaction between female and male genotypes in the effects of mating on female remating behavior, such that females tended to remate most rapidly when mated to males of their own genotype. It is clear from our experiments that cryptic female choice influences the pattern of fertilization success in flour beetles, and we suggest that cryptic female choice may often be an important component of postcopulatory sexual selection. Future investigations would benefit from studying the multiple components of variance in male fertilization success.     

Sorption of Isoproturon and Dimetomorph on lignocellulose from wheat

The adsorption of toxic chemicals on solid substates is a potential means to clean polluted waters. Here, the adsorption of two pesticides, isoproturon and dimetomorph, on lignocellulose extracted from wheat straw is investigated at 20 °C using batch adsorption experiments. Here, we show that the sorption of both pesticides is independent of pH. The sorption capacity of lignocellulose is evaluated. We show that the presence of metallic cations has no influence on the retention capacity of lignocellulose towards pesticides.     

Influences of sex,sex composition of brood and hatching order on mass growth in common terns<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Sterna hirundo</Emphasis>

We studied sex-dependent mass growth of chicks of the monomorphic common tern Sterna hirundo which fledged at a colony site in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, between 1997 and 1999. Brood size, brood mates' sex and hatching order (a-, b- and c-chicks) were known for many individuals, which were sexed by molecular techniques. Daily growth rates and age of fledging were independent of sex. However, in all years male chicks reached higher peak mass and fledged up to 5.2% heavier than female chicks. Broods with at least two fledglings showed that besides sex, brood size interacting with sex composition affected chick mass. In mixed broods, brothers had higher peak and pre-fledging mass than sisters they were reared with. Especially in the combination a-daughter and b-son the brothers were heavier. Lowest mass was found in broods with three nest mates of the same sex. A detailed study of 24 three-fledgling broods showed that male c-chicks were heavier than their siblings. The results reveal an advantage for chicks in mixed broods, especially for sons, and more especially if the son was a c-chick. Higher mass and possibly dominance of sons in c-position might be related to higher maternal androgen levels, which are known to increase with each egg laid. The results suggest that even in a monomorphic species, sons might be more expensive to rear, and are discussed with respect to sibling competition, parental effort, survival of sons, as well as to fitness benefits favoring parents producing sons.