Intra- and interannual variability in the larval fish assemblage off Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) over 2005–2007

The present study provides the longest and most intensive plankton and larval fish seasonal variability analysis in the Canary Islands and forms a basis for understanding life cycle scheduling and interactions among species, as well as the potential variability in transport processes of early life stages. Larval fish assemblages were studied weekly at Gran Canaria Island, Canary Islands, from January 2005 to June 2007, which represented two contrasting hydrological and biological periods. The former year was characterized by lower temperature and salinity that increased through 2006 and 2007. In contrast, chlorophyll concentration and mesozooplankton biomass decreased through the same period, especially when only the late winter bloom period was evaluated. However, ichthyoplankton abundance did not exhibit any clear pattern, as larger values were observed during 2006. The larval fish community of this oceanic island, located near the NW African upwelling, was composed of both neritic and oceanic taxa. Two families accounted for almost half of the collected larvae: Clupeidae (21.9%) and Myctophidae (20.5%). Although total larval concentration did not exhibit any seasonal peak linked to changes in zooplankton, the ichthyoplankton composition gradually changed during the year due to the high diversity and extended spawning periods of the fish species represented in samples. “Winter” and “summer” larval assemblages were identified, corresponding to the mixing and stratification periods of the water column, respectively. These assemblages were characterized by changes in the contribution of the most abundant annual taxa (Sardinella aurita, Cyclothone braueri, Ceratoscopelus spp. and Gobids) and by the presence of larvae of winter (Pagellus bogaraveo, Pomacentridae sp1) or summer spawners (Pomacentridae sp2, Trachinus draco, Arnoglossus thori, Tetraodontidae sp1). Upwelling filaments shed from the NW African coast reached the sampling area three times during this study, but changes in the local larval community were only detected in August 2005.     

Sample based estimation of landscape metrics; accuracy of line intersect sampling for estimating edge density and Shannon’s diversity index

A recent trend is to estimate landscape metrics using sample data and cost-efficiency is one important reason for this development. In this study, line intersect sampling (LIS) was used as an alternative to wall-to-wall mapping for estimating Shannon’s diversity index and edge length and density. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to study the statistical performance of the estimators. All combinations of two sampling designs (random and systematic distribution of transects), four sample sizes, five transect configurations (straight line, L, Y, triangle, and quadrat), two transect orientations (fixed and random), and three configuration lengths were tested, each with a large number of simulations. Reference was 50 photos of size 1 km², already manually delineated in vector format by photo interpreters using GIS environment. The performance was compared by root mean square error (RMSE) and bias. The best combination for all three metrics was found to be the systematic design and as response design the straight line configuration with random orientation of transects, with little difference between the fixed and random orientation of transects. The rate of decrease of RMSE for increasing sample size and line length was studied with a mixed linear model. It was found that the RMSE decreased to a larger degree with the systematic design than the random one, especially with increasing sample size. Due to the nonlinearity in the definition of Shannon diversity estimator its estimator has a small and negative bias, decreasing with sample size and line length. Finally, a time study was conducted, measuring the time for registration of line intersections and their lengths on non-delineated aerial photos. The time study showed that long sampling lines were more cost-efficient than short ones for photo-interpretation.     

Genetic relationship between offspring and guardian adults of a rhacophorid frog and its care effort in response to paternal share

The rhacophorid frog, Kurixalus eiffingeri, is one of only a few frog species that exhibits polyandry and paternal care of eggs. Previous studies predicted that multiple paternity within an egg clutch could influence the degree of paternal care and reproductive strategies. We used microsatellite DNA markers to assess the prevalence of multiple paternity within egg clutches and the relationship between male paternal care and the percent of male’s genetic contribution to the clutch, i.e., paternal share. We conducted field observations of paternal care and collected tissues from both male frogs and tadpoles for parentage analyses. Our results showed that at least five out of 31 egg clutches had multiple paternity. Attending males were always the genetic fathers of some, if not all of the eggs in the clutch they guarded. All egg clutches except one were attended by one male frog but the attending male did not necessarily sire the majority of offspring. Multiple paternity in all cases consisted of two fathers and one mother and most likely resulted from synchronous polyandry. Paternal care effort correlated significantly with the male’s genetic contribution to the clutch, suggesting that male frogs adjust the effort expended in care in response to paternal share. In addition, our results suggest that externally fertilizing species with parental care and multiple paternity may develop novel reproductive and behavioral strategies to safeguard their parental investment and overcome sperm competition.     

GIS与层次分析法相结合的生态环境综合评价研究——以渝西地区为例

将GIS与层次分析法相结合应用于渝西地区生态环境质量综合评价。首先,根据渝西地区生态环境的基本特点确定生态环境质量综合评价的指标体系和基本评价单元,通过层次分析法,确定各评价指标的权重,计算出每个评价单元的生态环境质量综合指数和分指数;然后运用GIS技术,根据每个评价单元的质量指数和分指数,自动生成渝西地区生态环境综合评价等级图;在此基础上,对渝西地区生态环境整体及各不同侧面质量状况的空间分异规律进行分析和研究。结果显示,渝西区生态环境质量基本上由南向北逐渐降低,与自然环境状况的空间格局大体吻合,但局部地区有差异。表明自然条件对渝西地区生态环境质量的空间分异起决定性作用,但社会经济和环境污染等因素同样对生态环境具有重要影响,在某些情况下,甚至可以成为决定因素,并在一定程度上改变生态环境的空间格局。     

基于变化阶段特点的亚热带红壤硝化模式及其影响因素分析

在土壤最大持水量60%和温度30℃的实验室培养条件下,对采自江西的15个第三纪红砂岩母质发育的自然土壤（灌丛和林地）和农业利用土壤（茶园、旱地和水稻）进行了56 d实验室培养,研究了土壤NO3--N含量随时间的变化过程及阶段特点。结果显示,发生净硝化作用的14个土样NO3--N质量分数随时间的变化表现＂J＂型增长和＂S＂型增长2种模式。＂J＂型增长模式的6个土样,67%为自然土壤,其NO3--N质量分数增长具有15~35 d的延滞期,符合指数方程N=N0e kt（P〈0.001）,N0值与有效磷质量分数呈显著的指数关系（P〈0.05）。＂S＂型增长模式的8个土样,88%为农业利用土壤,NO3--N累积无明显延滞期,符合Logistic修正模型N=Np/（1＋e2.e-rt）（延滞期td=0,P〈0.001）,由模型获得的土样最大硝化速率vm与土壤全氮质量分数和全碳质量分数具有极显著的正相关关系（P〈0.001）,达到最大硝化速率所需的时间tm与风干土的NO3--N质量分数呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。上述结果表明,农业利用措施,特别旱作种植可消除亚热带土壤硝化作用的延滞期,从而使铵态氮肥施入土壤后快速转化成为硝态氮,增大硝态氮淋失的风险。     

环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱(液相色谱、气相色谱)和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱(紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等)的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

铜尾矿区9种优势植物体内重金属和氮磷含量研究

以杨山冲铜尾矿废弃地人工覆土上生长的9种优势植物为研究对象,探讨不同植物对尾矿基质中重金属和氮磷的吸收特性以及与基质理化性质之间的关联。土壤样品采集时沿基质垂直方向分为4层：A层（覆土层0~5 cm）、B层（覆土层5~20 cm）、C层（尾砂层20~25 cm）、D层（尾砂层25~40 cm）,植物样品采集时草本植物分地上和地下2部分、木本植物分根、茎和叶3部分采集。结果表明：随着9种植物生长,A层和B层基质理化性质得到明显的改善。主要表现在A层中w（总氮）、w（氨氮）、w（硝氮）、w（有效磷）和w（有机质）显著高于C、D层（P〈0.05）,B层中w（有效态Cu）、w（有效态Zn）显著低于A、C、D层（P〈0.05）。9种优势植物对Cu、Pb、Zn的吸收和积累能力具有明显差异性,其中草本植物以根系积累为主,木本植物以叶片积累为主。草本植物对尾矿基质表现出较强的适应性和耐性,其中毛叶荩草（Arthraxon prionodes）根系中Cu、Pb、Zn的富集量均最大,耐性表现最突出,是较为理想的铜尾矿基质的修复物种。另外,本研究还发现,9种植物体内氮磷质量分数也各不相同,其中木本植物叶中氮磷质量分数均大于根、茎。木本植物体内w（总氮）与w（总磷）、w（Cu）、w（Zn）相关性较好,草本植物体内w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）之间相关性较好,表明彼此之间存在一定的促进作用。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铅的质量控制指标研究

通过对全国9个省份82家实验室监测数据的分析,研究确定了石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铅的质量控制指标。建议控制值为：标准样品室内相对标准偏差（RSD）≤5.0%,实际样品相对偏差（RD）≤30.0%,标准样品室间相对标准偏差（RSD’）≤10%,标准样品相对误差（RE）≤±8.0%,加标回收率范围为90%～115%,同时还对方法的重复性和再现性指标进行了验证性研究。     

贵州省农业生态安全性评价

为了对贵州省农业生态安全的区域分布现状进行研究,加强和重视农业生态安全的定量评价,给贵州省农业自然灾害风险管理提供定量参考,根据贵州省农业生态的特点,设计了贵州省农业生态安全评价指标体系。运用主观评价与客观评价相互综合的评价分析方法,对贵州省各县(市)的农业生态安全状况进行了综合评价。将贵州省农业生态安全划分为四个等级,相对低安全区主要分布在贵州西部高海拔地区,相对较安全区主要分布在贵州东部部分区域。得到了贵州省农业生态安全区划图,并分析了影响贵州农业生态安全的主要原因。     

基于GIS的滑坡灾害风险空间预测

滑坡灾害风险评价是一个包含有滑坡危险性评价和承灾体易损性评价的体系,对滑坡危险性进行了空间预测与区划,并开展了区域承灾体易损性的区划与评价。结合风险评价的基本要求,进行了研究区滑坡灾害的风险区划,将其划分为极高、高、中、低与极低风险区。针对研究区经济发展水平及政府防灾力度,提出了适合研究区的可接受风险标准与管理对策。