Residents’ Willingness to Pay for Improving Air Quality in Jinan, China

Along with the progress of urbanization and environ- mental deterioration, residents’ desire for improved air quality is increasing. In order to quantify an individual’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved air quality in Jinan of eastern China, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1,500 residents was chosen on the basis of multistage sampling methods with face-to-face interviews by using a series of hypo-thetical, open-ended scenario questions which were designed to elicit the respondents’ WTP. Results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express their WTP and the mean WTP is 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person per year. A probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a regression model were developed to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Most parameters in the econometric analysis had the expected sign. Annual household income and expenditure on treating respiratory diseases significantly influence WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount are larger for men than for women. Results also showed that people who lived in more polluted areas were willing to pay more for clean air. Unlike developed countries, clean air may only be considered as a public good in China in that more than 40% of respondents had no incen- tive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, which indicates the relatively low environmental consciousness.     

走向未来的一个战略问题——山东省人口、资源、环境协调发展的回顾与展望

山东是人口和资源大省,当前面临着人口、资源与环境三大问题,为了谋求经济社会持续、稳定、协调发展,要提高对人口、资源、环境三者关系再认识,将它作为复杂的巨系统进行分析、研究,并制定相应的政策和措施,各级领导必须强化人口、资源与环境意识和目标责任制,提高管理水平,以促进未来发展。     

地震对策在天津市减灾中的作用：兼论增产与减损关系

本文通过大量的事实和数据,依据政治经济学原理,阐述了地震灾害在天津市发展和建设中带来的巨大损失;指出:城市发展必须兼颐增产与减损两个方面,以确保投资的有效性。     

新型抗氧化膜材料PSAA的研制

对聚亚磺酰氨基酰胺(PSAA)作为新型抗氧化反渗透膜材料的可能性,以及聚合条件和成膜条件对膜性能的影响作了初步研究。     

锥形件拉伸失效与拉伸模

锥形零件拉伸时,容易出现拉裂、起皱。通过对各影响因素分析,修改拉伸模,解决锥形零件的拉伸失效。     

Emission Inventories of Carbon-containing Greenhouse Gases in China and Technological Measures for Their Abatement

The report summarizes surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, where the authors work/worked. The first part of the report, which appeared in the preceding issue of this journal, deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historic evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. This very paper, as the second part of the report, covers the results of carbon dynamics modeling, emission inventories of various carbon-containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.     

苍山4.4级地震与相公庄水准短临前兆异常

摘要本文采用逐步回归等方法处理了山东相公庄水准 EW、SN 向1989年1月1日至1990年9月30日的五日均值观测资料。回归分析结果表明:苍山4.4(M_L)级地震前相公庄水准 EW、SN 向均有10天左右的短临前兆异常,异常最大幅值分别为0.84mm和0.42mm,地震发生在异常达最大值的前一天,回归剩余标准差分别为±0.17mm和±0.12mm。据动态灰箱法处理的结果说明:短临异常在月均值上也有一定显示,只是幅度小些。作者认为:距震中50km左右的定点形变台,在一定条件下有可能监测到4级以上地震的短临前兆异常。     

下扬子地区分区走时表及计算机查表实用程序的编制

一般地震走时表是由一定间隔震中距查算各震相走时。本文所介绍的根据P与S波走时差值由计算机实时快速编制和查算区域地震走时表的方法和程序,适用于震源在壳内任意深度,可含低速层的水平均匀分层模型。此外,本文还给出了下扬子三个分区、三种深度的走时表,以供没有计算机的台站或地震现场作精细定位之用。     

弹簧夹连续模设计

介绍了以自动送料与重力送料相结合传递工件和利用工件形状尺寸巧妙定位的连续模设计方法。     

An interactive simulation model of urban ecosystem and its implementation

An interactive simulation model is established based on the methodology of "sensitivity model" (SM) during the cooperative research process between the founders of SM and the authors. And the conceptual framework of SM is developed into the interactively qualitative and quantitative simulation model presented in this paper, which makes it possible to break down a complex urban ecosystem into simple and visual quantitative or qualitative relationships between the factors. By studying the dynamic responses of the system to the changes of the inputs and parameters of the model, future trends in urban development can be predicted and strategies formulated. The whole process is realized on micro-computer in the course of man-computer interaction. Its potential use is shown in a case of Tianjin City.