A monitoring-modeling approach to SO42 − and NO3− secondary conversion ratio estimation during haze periods in Beijing, China

SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- are important chemical components of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),especially during haze periods.This study selected two haze episodes in Beijing,China with similar meteorological conditions.A monitoring-modeling approach was developed to estimate the secondary conversion ratios of sulfur and nitrogen based on monitored and simulated concentrations.Measurements showed that in Episode 1(24th–25th October,2014),the concentrations(proportions)of SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- reached 35.1μg/m~3(14.9%) and 55.0μg/m~3(22.9%),while they reached 14.4μg/m~3(9.3%) and 59.1μg/m~3(38.1%)in Episode 2(26th–27th October,2017).A modeling system was applied to apportion Beijing's SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- in primary and secondary SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~- emitted from local and regional sources.Thus,secondary conversion contributions considering the local and regional level were defined.The former primarily focused on Beijing atmospheric oxidation ability and the latter mainly considered the existence form of Beijing SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~- under the regional transport impacts.Finally,secondary oxidation ratios were estimated through combining secondary conversion contribution coefficients for simulated and monitored concentrations.At regional level,sulfur oxidation ratios in polluted(clean)days during two sampling periods were0.57–0.72(0.07–0.52)and 0.74–0.80(0.08–0.61),nitrogen oxidation ratios were 0.20–0.29(0.05–0.15)and 0.34–0.38(0.02–0.29),indicating that atmospheric oxidation was enhanced when considering regional transport through 2014–2017.At the local level,sulfur oxidation ratios were 0.66–0.71(0.04–0.48)in haze(clean)days,while nitrogen oxidation ratios were0.16–0.29(0.02–0.16).The atmospheric oxidation ability markedly increased in PM_(2.5)pollution days,but changed only slightly between the two periods.     

深水测试地面流程节流油嘴段温压场研究

为对深水高压气井测试地面流程中的节流油嘴段的温压场及水合物生成情况进行研究,采用数值模拟的方式对整个节流管路进行气体流动特性分析.并利用P-T图回归公式法,得出不同温压场条件下的水合物生成情况,进行水合物生成范围对比.结果表明:针阀出口后端气体速度随着管路入口压力和针阀直径的增大而增大,随管路出口压力的增大而减小,而气...     

Significant influences of TiO2 crystal structures on NO2 and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis

The emissions of NO₂ and HONO from the KNO₃ photolysis in the presence of TiO₂ were measured using a round-shape reactor coupled to a NO_x analyzer. TiO₂ played important roles in the emission flux density of NO₂ (R_NO2) and HONO (R_HONO), depending on crystal structures and mass ratios of TiO₂. R_NO2 and R_HONO significantly decreased with increasing the rutile and anatase mass ratios from 0 to 8 and 0.5 wt.%, respectively. Nevertheless, with further increasing the anatase mass ratio to 8 wt.%, there was an increase in R_NO2 and R_HONO. R_NO2 on KNO₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ had positive correlation with the KNO₃ mass (1–20 wt.%), irradiation intensity (80–400 W/m²) and temperature (278–308 K), while it had the maximum value at the relative humidity (RH) of 55%. R_HONO on KNO₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ slightly varied with the KNO₃ mass and temperature, whereas it increased with the irradiation intensity and RH. In addition, the mechanism for NO₂ and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis and atmospheric implications were discussed.     

降雨对蓝藻水华消退影响及其机制分析

2016年5月24日至6月2日香溪河库湾经历了3次不同强度的降雨,对降雨前后库湾水流、水温、光学特性、叶绿素a浓度等因素进行分析.结果表明,5月27日中雨期间,较降雨前库湾上游来流量增加1.9倍,库湾平均混合层深度增加8.2 m;6月1日小雨期间,较降雨前库湾平均混合层深度增加1.6 m,平均叶绿素浓度降低2.02μg·L~(-1);6月2日大雨期间,较降雨前库湾上游来流量增加4倍,库湾平均混合层深度增加7.9 m,平均叶绿素浓度降低14.64μg·L~(-1).降雨导致上游来流量增加,加快了藻类的迁移;混合层深度增加破坏了藻类的生长环境,是水华消退的主要原因.降雨结束后,在2~3d适宜光照、温度条件下库湾水体水温分层恢复,藻类快速生长繁殖,导致库湾表层叶绿素a浓度回升,降雨对水华的暴发具有阶段性抑制作用.     

气候因子与植被的时滞相关分析——以广西为例

广西地区地下河发育,地表水缺乏,生态系统脆弱、抗干扰能力低,灾害频繁,森林生态系统严重退化,石漠化程度加剧,属于生态脆弱区域,而植被变化是生态系统对气候变化响应的指示器,其变化研究对该地区生态环境建设具有重要意义。文章基于1999--2010年气温与降水数据和GIMMS．NDVI（GlaobalInventoryModellingandMappingMtudies-NormalDifferenceVegetionIndex）数据集,研究近12年来广西地区植被覆盖时空特征。通过时滞相关分析法,分析研究区不同植被类型受气温和降水的影响,即植被NDVI对气温和降水的响应程度。结果表明,（1）植被NDVI与温度的时滞相关程度强于降水,而响应时间刚好相反,植被NDVI对降水的响应比对温度的响应程度要快。（2）植被NDvI与降水的时滞相关规律呈桂南较弱—桂中较强—桂北较弱,但响应时间刚好相反,即桂南较快一桂中较慢—桂北较快。（3）植被NDvI与温度的时滞相关性变化规律呈由南向北递减,响应时间由南向北变快。（4）植被NDVI与气候因子时滞相关越强,响应的时间就越迟缓,反之越快。（5）不同的植被类型对水热条件响应程度不同,与水热条件时滞相关越强的植被则滞后时间相对越久。     

大肠杆菌对赤子爱胜蚓体表超微结构的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为实验动物,研究了细菌诱导(浸浴诱导和注射诱导)对蚯蚓体表超微结构的影响.结果表明:(1)用细菌浸浴4h的实验组、用细菌注射4h的实验组及对照组蚯蚓的角质层厚度分别为(0.51±0.03)μm、(0.56±0.02)μm、(0.50±0.01)μm;上角质层突起的高度分别为(0.16±0.02)μm、(0.12±0.01)μm、(0.11±0.01)μm;上角质层游离面中微绒毛的高度分别为(0.18±0.02)μm、(0.11±0.01)μm、(0.11±0.01)μm.统计分析表明,蚯蚓在抵御微生物侵袭过程中,体表角质层中的上角质层突起及上角质层游离面中的微绒毛发挥着重要作用.(2)细菌浸浴4h的实验组、用细菌注射4h实验组及对照组蚯蚓体表的表皮厚度分别为(2.63±0.15)μm、(2.23±0.06)μm、(1.97±0.15)μm;表皮中小颗粒蛋白细胞的颗粒直径分别为(0.38±0.04)μm、(0.26±0.02)μm、(0.24±0.02)μm;大颗粒粘液细胞的颗粒直径分别为(0.50±0.04)μm、(0.26±0.03)μm、(0.21±0.02)μm;网状粘液细胞的直径分别为(0.93±0.06)μm、(0.63±0.06)μm、(0.28±0.03)μm.统计分析表明,蚯蚓在抵御微生物侵袭的过程中,表皮中的腺细胞(小颗粒蛋白细胞、大颗粒粘液细胞及网状粘液细胞)发挥着重要作用.图4表2参17     

Interactions of arsenic and phenanthrene on their uptake and antioxidative response in Pteris vittata L

The interactions of arsenic and phenanthrene on plant uptake and antioxidative response of Pteris vitatta L. were studied hydroponically. The combination of arsenic and phenanthrene decreased arsenic contents in fronds by 30-51%, whereas increased arsenic concentrations 1.2-1.6 times in roots, demonstrating the suppression of arsenic translocation compared to the corresponding treatment without phenanthrene. Under the co-exposure, As(III) concentrations in fronds deceased by 12-73%, and at higher arsenic exposure level (≥10 mg/L), As(V) in fronds and As(III) in roots increased compared to the single arsenic treatment. Arsenic exposure elevated phenanthrene concentrations in root by 39-164%. The co-existence of arsenic and phenanthrene had little impact on plant arsenic accumulation, although synergistic effect on antioxidants was observed, suggesting the special physiological process of P. vitatta in the co-exposure and application potential of P. vitatta in phytoremediation of arsenic and PAHs co-contamination.     

参数对地震动随机模拟结果的影响分析*

随机有限断层法是模拟近场高频地震动常用的方法,且被国内外研究者证实是成功的且有效的模拟高频地震动的工具。由于随机有限断层模拟方法输入参数较多,造成对模拟结果的不确定因素也相应较多,因此在使用随机有限断层法时如何合理地确定输入参数则成为研究者需要考虑的首要问题,也是成功重建场点加速度纪录的关键环节。简要地介绍了地震动模拟的基本理论、流程和主要参数的意义,在国内外研究者的研究成果基础上以芦山 M_w6.6 地震为例重点分析了地震动持时对峰值加速度(PGA)、5% 阻尼比加速度反应谱(PSA)和加速度傅里叶谱(FAS)模拟结果的影响。主要得出以下结论：(1)在特定震级下,持时模型对峰值加速度影响较大,特别是断层距越小时,这种影响作用越明显;(2)通过四种持时模型得到的傅里叶谱和反应谱以及模型偏差分析可知,根据记录 90% 有效持时拟合其与震中距得到的持时模型表现较好。最后分析了脉冲百分比和断层上缘埋深等参数对模拟反应谱的影响,结果显示：(1)在相同震级下,反应谱幅值随脉冲百分比的变化差异不大;(2)在断层方位尺寸给定的前提下,反应谱幅值随上缘埋深的增加而减小。这些结论可以为随机有限断层模拟方法的工程实际应用时更合理地挑选参数提供理论依据,也可以相应的提高模拟精度。     

Variation of phytoplankton community before an induced cyanobacterial （Arthrospira platensis ） bloom

A cyanobacterial (Arthrospira platensis) bloom was induced in situ by nutrient manipulation in an enclosure. The succession of the phytoplankton community and the water chemistry variations before the appearance of bloom, as well as their relationship, were investigated. The cell pigment variations were studied simultaneously. The Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between water chemistry and green algal or cyanobacterial composition, indicating that water chemistry variations were not suitable to be used as indicators for cyanobacterial-bloom early-warning. However, the diversity index of the phytoplankton community decreased sharply before the bloom appeared. Therefore, the dynamics of phytoplankton community was put forward to be an indicator for cyanobacterial-bloom early-warning. In addition, the cell pigment variations represented the changes of community structure, which should be useful for studying the dynamics of phytoplankton community.     

臭氧流化床深度处理焦化废水尾水过程中有机组分变化分析

焦化废水处理工程中,经过生物和混凝处理后,排放到环境中的尾水COD处于(85±20)mg·L-1范围内,这部分COD主要由一些难生物降解的物质构成,对水体环境造成污染,也给水回用带来了技术上的难度.为实现尾水中残留有机物的进一步削减,降低其在环境当中的危害,采用臭氧流化床反应器对焦化废水尾水进行深度处理并通过三维荧光光谱仪以及气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析其水质组成的变化.结果表明:尾水在反应过程中,投加的臭氧量与降解的COD之间的比值(O3(kg)/COD(kg))随反应时间的延长不断增大;当pH=10时,COD、UV254和色度的去除率分别为51.5%,87.3%和85.0%,去除效果优于pH=7和pH=5条件下的反应;臭氧氧化能够有效分解尾水中类色氨酸、类溶解性微生物副产物、类腐植酸和类酪氨酸物质;经臭氧氧化后,焦化废水尾水中一些难生物降解的有机物得到了部分或完全去除,转化为一些新的有机物,如烷烃、苯甲醇、己酸等物质.研究结果证明,影响尾水的臭氧氧化效率涉及反应器结构、废水溶液性质和反应条件.