广州市大气污染特征及其典型环流形势分析

基于2016—2019年空气质量监测数据、地面气象观测数据和中低层天气形势图,分析了广州市大气污染特征及其典型环流形势特征,揭示了不同环流形势与污染物浓度之间的关系.结果表明：(1)近年来广州市随着细颗粒物污染持续改善,空气质量优良率基本维持在80%及以上,但光化学污染问题逐渐凸显,O₃已成为广州市大气污染的主要污染物.(2)广州市大气污染季节变化明显,主要表现为秋、冬季更易出现大气污染,且多为持续性(≥5 d)污染.(3)经过分型和统计,总结出10种典型500 hPa-850 hPa-地面环流型,分别为台风外围-台风外围-台风外围、副高边缘-反气旋环流-变形高压脊、副高边缘-反气旋环流-冷锋前、副高-偏南气流-均压场、副高-偏东气流-均压场、副高-反气旋环流-均压场、副高边缘-反气旋环流-冷高压脊、西风槽槽后-反气旋环流-变性高压脊、副高-偏南气流-冷锋前、副高边缘-偏南气流-冷锋前.个例分析表明,这10种典型环流型可以概述最主要的广州大气污染环流形势,对空气质量预报有一定的指导作用.     

加速寿命试验技术在弹药贮存可靠性工程中的应用

阐述了加速寿命试验的基本理论;以典型的恒定应力加速寿命试验和步进应力加速寿命试验应用案例,回顾了加速寿命试验技术在弹药贮存可靠性工程中的应用状况;指出失效机理研究、数据统计分析和实验结果验证是工程应用中待优化解决的3个突出问题,展望了加速寿命试验技术在工程应用中的发展趋势。     

Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic (ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 kDa were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than 300 kDa increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment (5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment (20.7%) under the same conditions applied.     

沈阳市街道灰尘中重金属的空间分布特征研究

对沈阳市区街道灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量水平进行了研究,并分析了重金属的空间分布特征.结果表明:市区街道灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量范围分别为2.29～15.04 mg·kg-1、46.96～204.29 mg·kg-1、62.76～509.48 mg·kg-1、277.41～422.89 mg·kg-1,平均值为4.35 mg·kg-1、81.33 mg·kg-1、106.26 mg·kg-1、334.47 mg·kg-1,是沈阳市土壤背景值的27.18、3.31、4.80、5.67倍;市区西部重金属污染程度高于东部,东、西部污染程度高于南、北部;街道灰尘中Cd、Pb空间分布差异较大,Zn分布较均匀;除Cd以外,铁西区重金属含量均最高,特别是Pb含量明显高于其他区,这与其工业区性质密不可分;Cd在大东区含量最高,这应与东部的汽车产业特征有密切关系;Cd-Zn,Cu-Pb,Cu-Zn,Pb-Zn之间都有着极显著的相关性;地积累指数法的评价结果表明:Cd处于重污染水平,其余3种重金属处于偏中度污染水平.研究结果以期为沈阳市的城市环境污染防治和城市规划提供重要的科学依据.     

Contribution of mangrove detritus to juvenile prawn nutrition: a dual stable isotope study in a Malaysian mangrove forest

Dual stable C and N ratio analyses of primary producers and prawns have clarified the important role of mangrove detritus as the primary food source of juvenile prawns inhabiting the upper estuaries of the Matang mangrove swamp in Malaysia. The contribution of mangrove carbon to prawn tissues, as high as 84%, decreased in the offshore direction, as the contribution by phytoplankton became progressively more important. Prawns located 2 km outside the mangrove swamp still exhibited a dependency of 15–25% on mangrove carbon, but farther offshore (7–10 km) in shallow waters, the prawn's food was basically phytoplankton, with some contribution from benthic microalgae. Comparative stable C and N isotope ratios of tissue and gut contents indicate that prawns basically assimilated what they consumed. Received: 29 February 2000 / Accepted: 26 August 2000     

滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为与曝气运行模式的关系

以滴水湖上覆水及底泥为研究对象,探讨了不同曝气运行模式对滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为的影响,为曝气原位修复滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊提供技术参考。结果表明,曝气能有效降低滴水湖上覆水体NH+4-N浓度,但此类滩涂底泥中较高的盐度能促进内源NH+4-N的释放并抑制硝化作用,使其NH+4-N削减率明显低于城市重污染河道;静置组TP浓度有所升高,而间歇曝气组及连续曝气组TP削减率分别为63.6%和38.5%,说明间歇曝气能有效降低上覆水体中的TP浓度;与曝气修复城市重污染河道相比,滴水湖较高的盐度及pH不利于TN去除,其中间歇曝气组对上覆水TN的控制优于连续曝气组与静置组;间歇曝气运行模式更适合于滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊的底泥修复。     

封闭管道油气爆炸超压及火焰传播特性

对油气在封闭管道内的爆炸特性进行研究，发现爆炸超压发展过程可以分为3个阶段:第1次超压上升阶段、第2次超压上升阶段和超压下降阶段。初始油气浓度对爆炸初始阶段的发展有很大影响，油气浓度为1.73%时发展最激烈；当初始油气浓度较高时，在最大超压峰值附近，会产生压力振荡现象；初始油气浓度对Tulip火焰的形成及发展有较大影响，各种浓度油气的爆炸，都有形成Tulip火焰的趋势；当油气浓度适中时，Tulip火焰会一直传播到管道末端，当油气浓度较高或较低时，火焰锋面会经由鲨鱼嘴形状火焰转变为刀尖形火焰，当初始油气浓度为1.73%时，最容易发展形成Tuilp火焰。     

Mitigating the impact of oil‐palm monoculture on freshwater fishes in Southeast Asia

Anthropogenic land‐cover change is driving biodiversity loss worldwide. At the epicenter of this crisis lies Southeast Asia, where biodiversity‐rich forests are being converted to oil‐palm monocultures. As demand for palm oil increases, there is an urgent need to find strategies that maintain biodiversity in plantations. Previous studies found that retaining forest patches within plantations benefited some terrestrial taxa but not others. However, no study has focused on aquatic taxa such as fishes, despite their importance to human well‐being. We assessed the efficacy of forested riparian reserves in conserving freshwater fish biodiversity in oil‐palm monoculture by sampling stream fish communities in an oil‐palm plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forested riparian reserves maintained preconversion local fish species richness and functional diversity. In contrast, local and total species richness, biomass, and functional diversity declined markedly in streams without riparian reserves. Mechanistically, riparian reserves appeared to increase local species richness by increasing leaf litter cover and maintaining coarse substrate. The loss of fishes specializing in leaf litter and coarse substrate decreased functional diversity and altered community composition in oil‐palm plantation streams that lacked riparian reserves. Thus, a land‐sharing strategy that incorporates the retention of forested riparian reserves may maintain the ecological integrity of fish communities in oil‐palm plantations. We urge policy makers and growers to make retention of riparian reserves in oil‐palm plantations standard practice, and we encourage palm‐oil purchasers to source only palm oil from plantations that employ this practice.     

The global contribution of energy consumption by product exports from China

This paper presents a model to analyze the mechanism of the global contribution of energy usage by product exports. The theoretical analysis is based on the perspective that contribution estimates should be in relatively smaller sectors in which the production characteristics could be considered, such as the productivity distribution for each sector. Then, we constructed a method to measure the global contribution of energy usage. The simple method to estimate the global contribution is the percentage of goods export volume compared to the GDP as a multiple of total energy consumption, but this method underestimates the global contribution because it ignores the structure of energy consumption and product export in China. According to our measurement method and based on the theoretical analysis, we calculated the global contribution of energy consumption only by industrial manufactured product exports in a smaller sector per industry or manufacturing sector. The results indicated that approximately 42% of the total energy usage in the whole economy for China in 2013 was contributed to foreign regions. Along with the primary products and service export in China, the global contribution of energy consumption for China in 2013 by export was larger than 42% of the total energy usage.     

“5.12”汶川地震诱发滑坡特征参数统计分析

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了Ms 8.0级大地震,震后遥感影像解译与调查结果表明,在约48 700km2的区域内,地震诱发了不少于48000处的滑坡灾害。基于GIS空间分析方法,分别使用滑坡面积与滑坡数量这两个统计参数,对滑坡的地层岩性、坡度、滑向、高程、所在烈度区、上下盘位置和与发震断裂的距离等共7个参数进行了统计分析。统计结果表明,汶川地震滑坡多发育在(1)砂岩、粉砂岩、千枚岩与灰岩地层中;(2)坡度为30°～50°,尤其是35°～45°范围内;(3)沿着垂直于发震断裂SEE方向运动;(4)高程为800～2000m,尤其是1000～1600m范围内;(5)Ⅷ～Ⅺ烈度区范围内;(6)发震断裂的上盘:(7)距离发震断裂40km,尤其是10km的区域内。