Evolutions of microbial degradation pathways for parent xenobiotic and for its metabolites follow different schemes

Background and purposes

The pathways used by microorganisms for the metabolism of every xenobiotic substrate are specific. The catabolism of a xenobiotic goes through a series of intermediate steps and lower intermediates (metabolites) appear in sequence. The structure of the metabolites can be similar to the parents due to kinship. The purposes of this study were to examine if the degradation pathways that were developed for a parent xenobiotic are effective to degrade the parent??s lower metabolites, and if the reverse is true.

Materials and methods

The xenobiotic substrates, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, the parent xenobiotic) and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), were independently subjected to acclimation and degradation tests by the biomasses of mixed-culture activated sludge and a pure culture of Arthrobacter sp.

Results

Activated sludge and Arthrobacter sp. that were acclimated to 2,4-D effectively degraded 2,4-D and the lower metabolites of 2,4-D, typically 2,4-DCP. During the degradation of 2,4-D, accumulations of the lower metabolites of 2,4-D were not found. The degradation pathways acquired from acclimation to 2,4-D are effective for all the metabolites of 2,4-D. However, pathways acquired from acclimation to 2,4-DCP are not effective in the degradation of the parent 2,4-D.

Conclusions

Microorganisms acclimated to 2,4-D evolve their degradation pathways by a scheme that is different from the scheme the microorganisms employ when they are acclimated to the metabolites of 2,4-D.     

上市航空公司盈利能力综合评价

自2008年以来,我国航空业一直处于发展低谷,评价航空公司的盈利能力及分析提高盈利能力的对策是一关键问题.许多学者习惯于应用单一的评价方法对航空上市企业进行评价,然而在对同一批航空上市企业进行评价时,不同的方法得出了不同的评价结果.基于此状况,提出一种系统的综合评价方法,并对全国12家典型航空上市企业进行综合评价,克服了以往应用单一方法在评价中的片面性,使评价结果更加全面客观.     

Fluoride exposure decreased neurite formation on cerebral cortical neurons of SD rats in vitro

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fluoride, a geochemical element, can damage the brain and result in dysfunction of the central nervous system. In recent years, fluoride-induced...     

Review of heterogeneous photochemical reactions of NOy on aerosol－A possible daytime source of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere

As an important precursor of hydroxyl radical, nitrous acid (HONO) plays a key role in the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Recent atmospheric measurements and model calculations show strong enhancement for HONO formation during daytime, while they are inconsistent with the known sources in the atmosphere, suggesting that current models are lacking important sources for HONO. In this article, heterogeneous photochemical reactions of nitric acid/nitrate anion and nitrogen oxide on various aerosols were reviewed and their potential contribution to HONO formation was also discussed. It is demonstrated that HONO can be formed by photochemical reaction on surfaces with deposited HNO3 , by photocatalytic reaction of NO2 on TiO2 or TiO2 -containing materials, and by photochemical reaction of NO2 on soot, humic acids or other photosensitized organic surfaces. Although significant uncertainties still exist in the exact mechanisms and the yield of HONO, these additional sources might explain daytime observations in the atmosphere.     

2016年京津冀地区红色预警时段PM2.5污染特征与浓度控制效果

2016年12月京津冀地区发生一次重污染过程,北京和天津于12月16日20：00至12月21日24：00,河北省（除张家口、承德和秦皇岛）于12月16日00：00至12月22日18：00发布了重污染红色预警.为研究重污染过程与应急措施的控制效果,基于环境监测数据与模型模拟结果对本次重污染过程的污染物浓度、天气形势与气团输送、区域传输和减排效果进行了研究.本次重污染过程中各地市PM_2.5平均浓度均超过200 μg·m^-3,小时均值峰值为834.5 μg·m^-3.重污染期间气象条件非常不利于污染物扩散,低压控制与气团传输加剧了污染过程.各地市平均本地贡献为47.1%,受天气形势影响传输效果存在一定差异.本次红色预警期间京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度平均下降比例为27.6%,减排效果明显.如果提前实施重污染应急措施,可以使PM_2.5下降浓度有一定提升.提前2 d实施可以使PM_2.5浓度平均下降比例增加4.4%,提前3 d以上效果提升不明显.     

飞行时间-二次离子质谱技术在大气气溶胶研究中的应用进展

在简述飞行时间-二次离子质谱技术(TOF-SIMS)的基本原理、技术特点和优势的基础上,阐述了近年来TOF-SIMS应用于气溶胶表面化学表征、气溶胶粒子化学组成深度剖析、气溶胶表面化学反应、气溶胶粒子表面毒性,以及气溶胶污染源排放特征与污染源识别等方面的研究进展,并对TOF-SIMS技术在大气气溶胶研究中的应用前景进行了展望.     

长庆油田生活污水回用技术研究

文章分析了目前长庆油田站场生活污水处理工艺存在的问题,对生活污水处理工艺进行了改进,采用膜生物反应器工艺处理生活污水以得到优质的中水,从而回收利用。通过对实际工程进行水质监测,COD、氨氮、浊度的去除效果好于GB 18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》中冲厕、绿化等用水要求。通过中水回用,形成"给水→利用→处理→循环利用"的中水回用模式,既节约了新鲜水,又减少了污水排放,保护了油区生态环境。     

Fe~(3+)-TiO_2/AC光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以活性炭(AC)为载体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了Fe3+离子掺杂的TiO2/活性炭(Fe3+-TiO2/AC)负载型光催化剂,通过SEM、XRD、UV-Vis等手段对光催化剂进行了表征。以125W高压汞灯作为光源,通过对罗丹明B的光降解反应,主要考察了温度对Fe3+-TiO2/AC复合体的光催化活性的影响。结果表明,温度在600℃条件下焙烧的Fe3(+0.15%)-TiO2/AC具有最好的光催化活性。     

氧化沟水力特性对处理效果和能耗的影响

氧化沟水力特性对沟内溶解氧浓度和混合液流速梯度分布影响很大,可对最终的处理效果和能耗产生重要的影响.以处理能力500 m³/d的单沟型Passver氧化沟为例,对沟内的流场分布进行了计算模拟与实测,提出了改善氧化沟水力特性的措施,并分析了改善措施对运行能耗的影响,结果表明,在曝气转刷下游的弯道处分别设置张角90°,150°,180°的导流墙均可降低局部阻力,且随着张角的增大,效果越为显著,当张角为180°时,可降低局部能耗10%左右;在转刷转速72 r/min的条件下,增设张角180°的导流墙不会对溶解氧的分布产生较大影响.根据氧化沟处理低浓度生活污水的实际运行结果,采用活性污泥模拟软件对水力特性改善前后的处理效果进行了模拟计算,结果表明,设置导流墙前后出水水质变化不大.     

重组基因酵母报道系统筛检GR效应物质

用糖皮质激素受体重组基因酵母报道系统对3种天然与4种合成的糖皮质激素的糖皮质激素受体(GR)效应进行测定.结果表明,天然糖皮质激素中,肾上腺酮的活性最高;而合成激素中甲基强的松的活性最强.这些物质的GR效应与物质的化学结构密切相关.天然和合成糖皮质激素的GR效应随各自的辛醇水分配系数的增加而增强.