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231.
Reed F. Noss Jennifer M. Cartwright Dwayne Estes Theo Witsell Gregg Elliott Daniel Adams Matthew Albrecht Ryan Boyles Patrick Comer Chris Doffitt Don Faber-Langendoen JoVonn Hill William C. Hunter Wesley M. Knapp Michael E. Marshall Jason Singhurst Christopher Tracey Jeffrey Walck Alan Weakley 《Conservation biology》2021,35(6):1715-1724
Despite its successes, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) has proven challenging to implement due to funding limitations, workload backlog, and other problems. As threats to species survival intensify and as more species come under threat, the need for the ESA and similar conservation laws and policies in other countries to function efficiently has grown. Attempts by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to streamline ESA decisions include multispecies recovery plans and habitat conservation plans. We address species status assessment (SSA), a USFWS process to inform ESA decisions from listing to recovery, within the context of multispecies and ecosystem planning. Although existing SSAs have a single-species focus, ecosystem-based research can efficiently inform multiple SSAs within a region and provide a foundation for transition to multispecies SSAs in the future. We considered at-risk grassland species and ecosystems within the southeastern United States, where a disproportionate number of rare and endemic species are associated with grasslands. To initiate our ecosystem-based approach, we used a combined literature-based and structured World Café workshop format to identify science needs for SSAs. Discussions concentrated on 5 categories of threats to grassland species and ecosystems, consistent with recommendations to make shared threats a focus of planning under the ESA: (1) habitat loss, fragmentation, and disruption of functional connectivity; (2) climate change; (3) altered disturbance regimes; (4) invasive species; and (5) localized impacts. For each threat, workshop participants identified science and information needs, including database availability, research priorities, and modeling and mapping needs. Grouping species by habitat and shared threats can make the SSA process and other planning processes for conservation of at-risk species worldwide more efficient and useful. We found a combination of literature review and structured discussion effective for identifying the scientific information and analysis needed to support the development of multiple SSAs. Article impact statement: Species status assessments can be improved by an ecosystem-based approach that groups imperiled species by shared habitats and threats. 相似文献
232.
Ksenya V. Mjachina Chris. W. Baynard Alexander A. Chibilyev Robert D. Richardson 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2018,25(6):541-553
Exploration and development of oil and gas (O&G) energy resources can create large-scale and permanent landscape effects that are best measured and understood via fieldwork and geospatial technologies. In this article, we examine O&G surface disturbance in the Orenburg steppe region of southwestern Russia for the year 2015. Utilizing field surveys, remote-sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we apply a two-pronged approach. First, we map and measure the landscape infrastructure footprint (LIF) to determine the pattern and extent of direct surface disturbance created by O&G facilities and access roads. Second, we conduct a site suitability analysis to identify specific O&G production locations that are most vulnerable to environmental degradation. The approach considers both the particular properties of hydrocarbon production and specific natural features of steppe zones. Suitability patterns represent three indicators: two morphometric parameters (slope and aspect) and one spatial (the remoteness of O&G objects from water bodies). Our findings suggest that O&G production disturbs just over 3% of soil-vegetation cover in our study plot, while more than 13% of O&G objects are located in unsuitable zones based on topographic aspect, and about 11% lie in unsuitable zones regarding distance to water. 相似文献
233.
234.
Alexander D. M. Wilson Emily M. Whattam Rachel Bennett Laksanavadee Visanuvimol Chris Lauzon Susan M. Bertram 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(5):703-715
Recently, there has been increasing interest in behavioral syndrome research across a range of taxa. Behavioral syndromes
are suites of correlated behaviors that are expressed either within a given behavioral context (e.g., mating) or between different
contexts (e.g., foraging and mating). Syndrome research holds profound implications for animal behavior as it promotes a holistic
view in which seemingly autonomous behaviors may not evolve independently, but as a “suite” or “package.” We tested whether
laboratory-reared male and female European house crickets, Acheta domesticus, exhibited behavioral syndromes by quantifying individual differences in activity, exploration, mate attraction, aggressiveness,
and antipredator behavior. To our knowledge, our study is the first to consider such a breadth of behavioral traits in one
organism using the syndrome framework. We found positive correlations across mating, exploratory, and antipredatory contexts,
but not aggression and general activity. These behavioral differences were not correlated with body size or condition, although
age explained some of the variation in motivation to mate. We suggest that these across-context correlations represent a boldness
syndrome as individual risk-taking and exploration was central to across-context mating and antipredation correlations in
both sexes. 相似文献
235.
Elaine Tweneboah Lawson Wolfgang Schluchter Chris Gordon 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2010,14(3):231-238
Like many developing countries, Ghana is grappling with environmental issues, such as the degradation of coastal natural resources.
In an attempt to ameliorate the current state of affairs, broad institutional arrangements and policy interventions have been
put in place. However coastal natural resources are still being overexploited and the effects of this are felt more strongly
by certain groups (such as women and the rural poor) than others. This has led to the argument pointing to an urgent need
to include local resource users as active participants in environmental decision making and to incorporate their environmental
values in the management of coastal natural resources. Using empirical data from women in two Ghanaian coastal communities,
this paper highlights the importance of exploring how the environmental attitudes and values of women might be considered
in the management of local coastal natural resources. It assesses effectiveness of the paired comparison methodology in this
respects and how this method can be also used to prioritise their environmental concerns. The results show that in both areas
respondents place the greatest importance on the coastal natural resources as sources of wealth creation and of food, values
which are often described as being “anthropocentric”. The paper thus argues that having discovered that the ecological value
placed on natural resources is low, initiatives that could win the support of people would be those that link the livelihood
and wellbeing to coastal NRM. It emphasizes the fact that conservation cannot exist outside of people and social systems;
nor will it succeed unless they are linked to the welfare of resource users. 相似文献
236.
237.
Pramod K. Pandey Michelle L. Soupir Charles D. Ikenberry Chris R. Rehmann 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(1):184-197
A sub‐model for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is developed to predict Escherichia coli levels in the streambed sediment as well as in the water column. New formulations to estimate the levels of E. coli in streambed sediment and the water column are derived. These equations include calculations of E. coli resuspension from the streambed sediment to the water column, E. coli deposition from the water column to the streambed sediment, E. coli growth in the streambed sediment and the water column, and instream E. coli routing. These formulations were programmed in FORTRAN and integrated into SWAT. The modified SWAT model was applied to Squaw Creek Watershed, Iowa, to predict E. coli levels in the stream. Escherichia coli concentrations in the streambed sediment and the water column were monitored extensively in this watershed, and observations were used to verify the model predictions. The model proposed here can predict E. coli concentrations in streambed sediment as well as in the water column. Approximately 58% of the predictions of E. coli levels in the bed sediment were within 1 order of magnitude from the observed value, and in the water column 83% of the predictions of E. coli levels were within 1 order of magnitude. Results suggest that the proposed model will help predictions of instream bacterial contamination. 相似文献
238.
René van der Wal Helen Anderson Annie Robinson Nirwan Sharma Chris Mellish Stuart Roberts Ben Darvill Advaith Siddharthan 《Ambio》2015,44(4):584-600
To assess the ability of traditional biological recording schemes and lay citizen science approaches to gather data on species distributions and changes therein, we examined bumblebee records from the UK’s national repository (National Biodiversity Network) and from BeeWatch. The two recording approaches revealed similar relative abundances of bumblebee species but different geographical distributions. For the widespread common carder (Bombus pascuorum), traditional recording scheme data were patchy, both spatially and temporally, reflecting active record centre rather than species distribution. Lay citizen science records displayed more extensive geographic coverage, reflecting human population density, thus offering better opportunities to account for recording effort. For the rapidly spreading tree bumblebee (Bombus hypnorum), both recording approaches revealed similar distributions due to a dedicated mapping project which overcame the patchy nature of naturalist records. We recommend, where possible, complementing skilled naturalist recording with lay citizen science programmes to obtain a nation-wide capability, and stress the need for timely uploading of data to the national repository. 相似文献
239.
Lead contamination is a significant health hazard in communities around the world, but this environmental toxin often remains unknown to residents living near hazardous sites. This research investigates a unique case where residents were informed of lead contamination but rejected official and scientific narratives regarding environmental risks. The case study involves a decommissioned smelter in Colorado. Drawing from data collected over three years, the researchers examine how officials and experts communicated the severity of environmental health hazards. Despite these efforts, residents opposed the Environmental Protection Agency’s attempts to place the site on the National Priorities List for federal cleanup. The government’s framing of science and environmental risk failed to resonate with homeowners, despite the known and significant scientific evidence confirming environmental health hazards, and residents’ perceptions of lead contamination were mitigated by material concerns, including property values and community stigma. Implications for future research on lead contamination, environmental risk, and trust in science are discussed. 相似文献
240.
Abstract: Identifying and conserving faunal habitat on private lands has been conducted largely on a site-by-site basis as development proposals arise. We sought to map koala habitat at a scale suitable for use by a local planning authority so that habitat remnants could be protected and managed while remaining in private ownership. At this scale, the level of detail and accuracy needed by local planners required a new approach to mapping koala habitat. Two independent techniques, community and field surveys, were employed. We mailed a survey to every household in Coffs Harbour shire. Respondents told of 3309 koala sightings. We conducted a field survey, a plot-based scat ( fecal pellet) search, to determine which vegetation types and tree species were preferred by koalas. We surveyed 119 sites, which contained 42 different vegetation types. Of these, 37 (31%) had been used by koalas. The outcomes of the community and field surveys were combined to produce a distribution map of koala habitat. The most striking outcome has been the use of our results by the local government authority, Coffs Harbour City Council: planners have incorporated the koala habitat map into their local environmental plan. Our procedure offers a rigorous, repeatable, and publicly accessible method for identifying and mapping important habitat for the purposes of land-use planning, an essential procedure for conserving habitat outside the reserve system. 相似文献