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351.
Environmental assessment of waste incineration in a life-cycle-perspective (EASEWASTE). 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christian Riber Gurbakhash S Bhander Thomas H Christensen 《Waste management & research》2008,26(1):96-103
A model for life-cycle assessment of waste incinerators is described and applied to a case study for illustrative purposes. As life-cycle thinking becomes more integrated into waste management, quantitative tools for assessing waste management technologies are needed. The presented model is a module in the life-cycle assessment model EASEWASTE. The module accounts for all uses of materials and energy and credits the incinerator for electricity and heat recovered. The energy recovered is defined by the user as a percentage of the energy produced, calculated on the lower heating value of the wet waste incinerated. Emissions are either process-specific (related to the amount of waste incinerated) or input-specific (related to the composition of the waste incinerated), while mass transfer to solid outputs are governed by transfer coefficients specified by the user. The waste input is defined by 48 material fractions and their chemical composition. The model was used to quantify the environmental performance of the incineration plant in Aarhus, Denmark before and after its upgrading in terms of improved flue gas cleaning and energy recovery. It demonstrated its usefulness in identifying the various processes and substances that contributed to environmental loadings as well as to environmental savings. The model was instrumental in demonstrating the importance of the energy recovery system not only for electricity but also heat from the incinerator. 相似文献
352.
Christian Riber Claus Petersen Thomas H. Christensen 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(4):1251-1257
The chemical composition of Danish household waste was determined by two approaches: a direct method where the chemical composition (61 substances) of 48 material fractions was determined after hand sorting of about 20 tonnes of waste collected from 2200 households; and an indirect method where batches of 80–1200 tonnes of unsorted household waste was incinerated and the content of the waste determined from the content of the outputs from the incinerator. The indirect method is believed to better represent the small but highly contaminated material fractions (e.g., batteries) than the direct method, because of the larger quantities included and the more homogenous material to sample from. Differences between the direct and the direct methods led to corrections in the of heavy metal concentration of a few fractions.The majority of the energy content of the waste originates from organic waste like paper, cardboard and organic fractions. The single fraction contributing most to the total energy content is the non-recyclable plastic fraction, contributing 21% of the energy content and 60% of the chlorine content, although this fraction comprises less than 7% by weight. Heavy metals originate mainly from inert fractions, primarily batteries. 相似文献
353.
Long Term Effects of Acid Irrigation at the Höglwald on Seepage Water Chemistry and Nutrient Cycling
Wendelin Weis Roland Baier Christian Huber Axel Göttlein 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(1-3):211-223
In order to test the hypothesis of aluminium toxicity induced by acid deposition, an experimental acid irrigation was carried out in a mature Norway spruce stand in Southern Germany (Höglwald). The experiment comprised three plots: no irrigation, irrigation (170 mm a?1), and acid irrigation with diluted sulphuric acid (pH of 2.6–2.8). During the seven years of acid irrigation (1984–1990) water containing 0.43 molc m?2 a?1 of protons and sulphate was added with a mean pH of 3.2 (throughfall?+?acid irrigation water) compared to 4.9 (throughfall) on both control plots. Most of the additional proton input was consumed in the organic layer and the upper mineral soil. Acid irrigation resulted in a long lasting elevation of sulphate concentrations in the seepage water. Together with sulphate both aluminium and appreciable amounts of base cations were leached from the main rooting zone. The ratio between base cations (Ca?+?Mg?+?K) and aluminium was 0.79 during acid irrigation and 0.92 on the control. Neither tree growth and nutrition nor the pool of exchangeable cations were affected significantly. We conclude that at this site protection mechanisms against aluminium toxicity exist and that additional base cation runoff can still be compensated without further reduction of the supply of exchangeable base cations in the upper mineral soil. 相似文献
354.
355.
The Science of Nature - 相似文献
356.
357.
Flow through artificial macropores may occur as a water film along the macropore walls (film flow) or as moving water segments separated by air bubbles (pulse flow). To investigate the effect of macropore flow pattern (i.e., film and pulse flow) on the interaction of solutes with macropore walls, we studied orthophosphate (P) transport and sorption in artificial macropores. The experimental setup consisted of a column (height = 20 cm, diameter = 20 cm) homogenously packed with glass beads and fitted at outflow with a vertical artificial macropore placed below the column. The artificial macropore consisted of ceramic tubes (3 or 8 mm i.d.; 31.5 cm long) coated on the inside with iron oxide serving as phosphate sorbents. An orthophosphate solution containing 0.04 mg P L(-1) was applied at a rate of 9 to 12 mm h(-1) to the column, eventually causing macropore flow. In the 8-mm-i.d. tubes only film flow occurred. Pulse flow was dominating in the 3-mm-i.d. tubes. Generally, the flow patterns were reproducible and seldom did pulse flow replaced film flow or vice versa. During film flow, a significantly larger decrease in macropore P concentration per tube was observed relative to that with pulse flow events. However, pulse and film flow lead to almost the same amounts of P sorbed per unit surface area when exposed to the same solute P concentration. Comparison with P sorption capacity experiments indicated that the sorption rate, rather than the sorption capacity, controls the amount of sorbed P during macropore flow in the studied system. 相似文献
358.
Decentralised composting of urban waste--an overview of community and private initiatives in Indian cities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zurbrügg C Drescher S Patel A Sharatchandra HC 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2004,24(7):655-662
The national waste legislation, introduced in India in 2000, endorses the principle of "Recycle Before Disposal" and clearly stipulates composting as an option for organic waste treatment. It also recommends waste separation as prerequisite for treatment. Although various composting schemes of different scale, type and organisational structure currently exist in the country, a general overview is lacking and very little independent site-specific information is available. This paper presents the results of a study assessing 17 decentralised systems from the cities of Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, and Mumbai. The schemes were classified according to their organisational setup into: (1) citizens' and community initiatives; (2) business and institution initiatives operating on their premises; and (3) small and medium-size private sector initiatives. These categories also coincide with different operational scales. Community initiatives have developed from unreliable collection services, and composting emerged mainly as a spin-off activity from the collection system to reduce waste delivery to the communal containers emptied by the municipal services. The potential to launch and sustain decentralised composting schemes is dependent on the municipal provision of adequate space. This paper summarises further key issues pertaining to the assessed schemes and reveals overall deficiencies in the field of accounting and transparency, composting technique and marketing, as well as municipal authority involvement. 相似文献
359.
A hierarchic metric approach for integration of green issues in manufacturing: a paper recycling application 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
This paper presents a hierarchic framework for environmentally conscious design. The framework integrates both product designers and stakeholders to evaluate not only the product features but also its environmental burden. In evaluating the product's burden, a life cycle assessment of the product is conducted through input-output analysis so that a comprehensive inventory of the product's actions and reactions to the environment could be documented. The analytic hierarchy procedure (AHP) is used to develop priority indices for customer requirements to highlight key features that must be present in the product. Subsequently, the quality function deployment is used to match design requirements to customer requirements. A cost-effective design plan is then finally developed. This framework adopts a systemic approach and ensures that environmentally conscious products are designed and manufactured. 相似文献
360.
Evidence suggesting that job satisfaction is caused by individual dispositions is reviewed, and stability coefficients for job satisfaction in previous studies are analysed with a meta‐analytic procedure. Previous longitudinal studies analysing job changer samples imply an upper limit estimate of 0.51 for direct dispositional influences on job satisfaction. A study of job changers considering the stability of working conditions suggests that this estimate has to be considerably corrected downwards. At present, it is concluded that it is more likely that dispositions indirectly affect job satisfaction via selection and self‐selection processes. Implications for job satisfaction as a tool for organizational assessment are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献